Análisis de la prevalencia de anticuerpos antiperoxidasa y su valor clínico en el abordaje del hipotiroidismo en el embarazo: una revisión de literatura
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Abstract
El hipotiroidismo durante el embarazo constituye un desafío clínico relevante debido a su asociación con complicaciones maternas y fetales. Dentro de este contexto, la determinación de anticuerpos antiperoxidasa (anti-TPO) ha emergido como una herramienta diagnóstica y pronóstica de interés, dado que su positividad se ha vinculado con un mayor riesgo de desarrollar hipotiroidismo subclínico o clínico durante la gestación, incluso en mujeres con niveles iniciales de hormona tiroidea en rango normal Este trabajo pretende evaluar la relevancia clínica y la prevalencia de los anticuerpos anti-TPO en mujeres embarazadas con sospecha de hipotiroidismo, mediante una revisión bibliográfica que permita comprender su impacto en la salud materno-fetal y su contribución en la mejora de los protocolos de manejo médico. Realizándose un estudio de diseño narrativo-descriptivo, basado en la búsqueda y análisis de literatura científica publicada en bases de datos biomédicas internacionales.
En los 23 artículos analizados se encontró que la prevalencia de positividad de anticuerpos anti-TPO oscila entre el 5 y 18 %, incluso hasta 49 % en mujeres con hipotiroidismo gestacional de poblaciones en India. Por su parte, en población latinoamericana oscila entre 12 y 22 %. Diversos estudios coinciden en que la presencia de estos anticuerpos se asocia con un mayor riesgo de hipotiroidismo subclínico y complicaciones obstétricas como aborto recurrente, preeclampsia y parto pretérmino.
Aunque las guías clínicas internacionales recomiendan la medición de anticuerpos anti-TPO en determinados escenarios, aún no existe acuerdo sobre su implementación como parte del tamizaje universal. Su determinación constituye un marcador clave para identificar riesgo de hipotiroidismo y complicaciones obstétricas, lo que plantea la necesidad de contextualizar los hallazgos según factores genéticos, ambientales y socioeconómicos. La falta de consenso evidencia la necesidad de mayor investigación y de protocolos clínicos unificados que garanticen una mejor atención materno-fetal.
Hypothyroidism during pregnancy represents a relevant clinical challenge due to its association with maternal and fetal complications. Within this context, the determination of antithyroid peroxidase antibodies (anti-TPO) has emerged as a diagnostic and prognostic tool of interest, since their positivity has been linked to an increased risk of developing subclinical or clinical hypothyroidism during gestation, even in women with initial thyroid hormone levels within the normal range. This work aims to evaluate the clinical relevance and prevalence of anti-TPO antibodies in pregnant women with suspected hypothyroidism through a literature review that allows for a better understanding of their impact on maternal-fetal health and their contribution to improving medical management protocols. A narrative-descriptive study design was carried out, based on the search and analysis of scientific literature published in international biomedical databases. In the 23 articles analyzed, the prevalence of anti-TPO antibody positivity ranged from 5 % to 18 %, and even up to 49 % among women with gestational hypothyroidism in Indian populations. In Latin American populations, prevalence ranged between 12% and 22%. Several studies agree that the presence of these antibodies is associated with an increased risk of subclinical hypothyroidism and obstetric complications such as recurrent miscarriage, preeclampsia, and preterm birth. Although international clinical guidelines recommend the measurement of anti-TPO antibodies in certain scenarios, there is still no consensus on their implementation as part of universal screening. Their determination constitutes a key marker for identifying the risk of hypothyroidism and obstetric complications, highlighting the need to contextualize findings according to genetic, environmental, and socioeconomic factors. The lack of consensus underscores the need for further research and the development of unified clinical protocols to ensure better maternal-fetal care.
Hypothyroidism during pregnancy represents a relevant clinical challenge due to its association with maternal and fetal complications. Within this context, the determination of antithyroid peroxidase antibodies (anti-TPO) has emerged as a diagnostic and prognostic tool of interest, since their positivity has been linked to an increased risk of developing subclinical or clinical hypothyroidism during gestation, even in women with initial thyroid hormone levels within the normal range. This work aims to evaluate the clinical relevance and prevalence of anti-TPO antibodies in pregnant women with suspected hypothyroidism through a literature review that allows for a better understanding of their impact on maternal-fetal health and their contribution to improving medical management protocols. A narrative-descriptive study design was carried out, based on the search and analysis of scientific literature published in international biomedical databases. In the 23 articles analyzed, the prevalence of anti-TPO antibody positivity ranged from 5 % to 18 %, and even up to 49 % among women with gestational hypothyroidism in Indian populations. In Latin American populations, prevalence ranged between 12% and 22%. Several studies agree that the presence of these antibodies is associated with an increased risk of subclinical hypothyroidism and obstetric complications such as recurrent miscarriage, preeclampsia, and preterm birth. Although international clinical guidelines recommend the measurement of anti-TPO antibodies in certain scenarios, there is still no consensus on their implementation as part of universal screening. Their determination constitutes a key marker for identifying the risk of hypothyroidism and obstetric complications, highlighting the need to contextualize findings according to genetic, environmental, and socioeconomic factors. The lack of consensus underscores the need for further research and the development of unified clinical protocols to ensure better maternal-fetal care.
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HIPOTIROIDISMO, INMUNOLOGÍA, EMBARAZO, ANTIPEROXIDASA, ANTI-TPO, TIROIDES