Calidad del agua del río Poró en Grecia, Alajuela, Costa Rica: Análisis físico, químico y biológico (2023-2024)
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Bolaños Alfaro, John Diego
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Abstract
La calidad del agua en los ríos está influenciada por la variabilidad estacional y las actividades antrópicas. El monitoreo de parámetros fisicoquímicos y biológicos permite obtener información clave sobre la salud de los ecosistemas acuáticos. Se evalúan las variaciones temporales y espaciales en la calidad del agua del río Poró durante un período de dos años, considerando las épocas seca y lluviosa, específicamente los parámetros físicos y químicos – incluyendo nitrógeno amoniacal, oxígeno disuelto, demanda biológica de oxígeno, demanda química de oxígeno, nitratos, fósforo, metales pesados y otros iones disueltos – y parámetros biológicos mediante el índice costarricense aplicable, durante el período 2023–2024. El muestreo lo realizamos en tres zonas del río: alta, media y baja. Según el Sistema Holandés, en la época seca la calidad del agua presentó niveles de contaminación de moderados a severos en las zonas más densamente pobladas. En la época lluviosa, la calidad biológica mostró contaminación muy alta provocado por el incremento del caudal, la modificación de la estructura del lecho del río y el aumento de la turbidez, afectando la disponibilidad de hábitats. Los hallazgos evidencian variaciones estacionales y espaciales significativas en la calidad del agua, lo que resalta la necesidad de implementar estrategias de manejo sostenible en la cuenca para proteger la integridad ecológica del río Poró.
Water quality in rivers is influenced by seasonal variability and anthropogenic activities. Monitoring both physicochemical and biological parameters provides key insights into the health of aquatic ecosystems. To evaluate the temporal and spatial variations in water quality of the río Poró over a two-year period, considering dry and rainy seasons. We evaluate physicochemical parameters - including ammoniacal nitrogen, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, nitrates, phosphorus, heavy metals, and other dissolved ions - were assessed, along with biological parameters using the applicable Costa Rican index, during the 2023–2024 period. The sampling was carried out in three areas of the river (upper, middle, and lower basin). According to the Dutch System, water quality during the dry season ranged from moderate to severe pollution in densely populated areas. During the rainy season, biological quality indicated very high pollution, mainly due to increased flow, bed structure alterations, and higher turbidity, which affected habitats. The findings highlight significant seasonal and spatial variations in water quality, emphasizing the urgent need for sustainable watershed management strategies to protect the ecological integrity of the river Poró.
Water quality in rivers is influenced by seasonal variability and anthropogenic activities. Monitoring both physicochemical and biological parameters provides key insights into the health of aquatic ecosystems. To evaluate the temporal and spatial variations in water quality of the río Poró over a two-year period, considering dry and rainy seasons. We evaluate physicochemical parameters - including ammoniacal nitrogen, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, nitrates, phosphorus, heavy metals, and other dissolved ions - were assessed, along with biological parameters using the applicable Costa Rican index, during the 2023–2024 period. The sampling was carried out in three areas of the river (upper, middle, and lower basin). According to the Dutch System, water quality during the dry season ranged from moderate to severe pollution in densely populated areas. During the rainy season, biological quality indicated very high pollution, mainly due to increased flow, bed structure alterations, and higher turbidity, which affected habitats. The findings highlight significant seasonal and spatial variations in water quality, emphasizing the urgent need for sustainable watershed management strategies to protect the ecological integrity of the river Poró.
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calidad de ríos, aguas superficiales, macroinvertebrados, river quality, surface waters, macroinvertebrates, Análisis del agua, Agua residual, Costa Rica