Ecología espacial de la serpiente de cascabel Mesoamericana (Crotalus simus, Serpentes: Viperidae) en Nosara, Costa Rica
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Los estudios en ecología espacial de serpientes permiten comprender aspectos clave de su biología, historia natural, comportamiento y relevancia en el ofidismo. Sin embargo, este grupo sigue siendo poco estudiado debido a su naturaleza reservada, que dificulta los trabajos de campo. Aunque el desarrollo de técnicas de teledetección ha generado información en las últimas décadas, la mayoría de estudios se han concentrado en especies de zonas templadas. En estudios de regiones templadas, la reubicación como estrategia de conservación ha mostrado afectar negativamente la supervivencia de los animales, al mismo tiempo que alteraran los rangos de hogar, patrones de movimiento y la selección de habitat. En serpientes tropicales, la evidencia sobre la efectividad de este manejo es escasa, lo que limita nuestra comprensión y conservación de estas especies. El objetivo de este proyecto fue determinar si los patrones de uso del espacio en Crotalus simus difieren entre serpientes residentes y reubicadas. Durante dos años, se monitorearon serpientes mediante radiotelemetría en Nosara, Costa Rica. En el primer capítulo, realizamos una revisión sistemática de literatura para esclarecer los patrones espaciales del género Crotalus. En el segundo capítulo, estimamos los rangos de hogar de C. simus en 10.31 ± 4.14 ha, las tasas de movimiento en 14.49 ± 2.15 m/d, así como describimos patrones en la actividad y refugio. Determinamos que sexo y tamaño no influyen en la ecología espacial, mientras que las características estructurales microambientales sí afectan los refugios y la actividad. Además, demostramos que la reubicación no altera rangos de hogar ni patrones de movimiento. En el tercer capítulo, identificamos que C. simus selecciona localidades con mayores temperaturas y más alejadas de cuerpos de agua. Durante el día, específicamente, los individuos seleccionaron zonas con mayores humedades relativas y con más estructuras en el sotobosque; mientras que, en la noche, puntos más expuestos alejados de árboles grandes y troncos. Los individuos residentes y translocados siguieron patrones de selección de microhábitat distintos. Los residentes seleccionaron zonas con humedades mayores y alejadas de troncos caídos. Las reubicadas buscaron puntos alejadas de estructuras grandes como árboles, pero muy estructuradas a nivel de sotobosque. En el cuarto capítulo, reportamos el cuadro clínico por un envenenamiento de C. simus producto de un encuentro humano-serpiente. Este proyecto presenta hallazgos novedosos sobre la ecología espacial de la cascabel mesoamericana y permite comprender como estos aspectos difieren entre individuos que fueron reubicados.
Studies on the spatial ecology of snakes allow us to understand key aspects of their biology, natural history, behavior, and relevance in snake envenoming. However, this group remains poorly studied due to its secretive nature, which complicates fieldwork. Although the development of remote sensing techniques has generated information in recent decades, most studies have focused on species from temperate zones. In studies from temperate areas, relocation as a conservation strategy has been shown to negatively affect the survival of animals, while also altering home ranges, movement patterns, and habitat selection. In tropical snakes, evidence on the effectiveness of this management strategy is scarce, limiting our understanding and conservation of these species. The objective of this project was to determine whether space-use patterns in Crotalus simus differ between resident and relocated snakes. Over two years, snakes were monitored through radiotelemetry in Nosara, Costa Rica. In the first chapter, we conducted a systematic literature review to clarify spatial patterns within the genus Crotalus. In the second chapter, we estimated home ranges of C. simus at 10.31 ± 4.14 ha, movement rates at 14.49 ± 2.15 m/d, and described patterns in activity and refuge use. We determined that sex and size do not influence spatial ecology, whereas structural microhabitat characteristics do affect refuge selection and activity. In addition, we demonstrated that relocation does not alter home ranges or movement patterns. In the third chapter, we identified that C. simus selects areas with higher temperatures and farther from water bodies. During the day, individuals specifically selected areas with higher relative humidity and more understory structures, while at night they used more exposed locations farther from large trees and logs. Resident and translocated individuals followed different microhabitat selection patterns. Residents selected areas with higher humidity and farther from fallen logs, whereas relocated individuals preferred areas farther from large structures such as trees but with high structural complexity at the understory level. In the fourth chapter, we report the clinical picture of a C. simus envenomation resulting from a human-snake encounter. This project presents novel findings on the spatial ecology of the Mesoamerican rattlesnake and provides insights into how these aspects differ between resident and relocated individuals.
Studies on the spatial ecology of snakes allow us to understand key aspects of their biology, natural history, behavior, and relevance in snake envenoming. However, this group remains poorly studied due to its secretive nature, which complicates fieldwork. Although the development of remote sensing techniques has generated information in recent decades, most studies have focused on species from temperate zones. In studies from temperate areas, relocation as a conservation strategy has been shown to negatively affect the survival of animals, while also altering home ranges, movement patterns, and habitat selection. In tropical snakes, evidence on the effectiveness of this management strategy is scarce, limiting our understanding and conservation of these species. The objective of this project was to determine whether space-use patterns in Crotalus simus differ between resident and relocated snakes. Over two years, snakes were monitored through radiotelemetry in Nosara, Costa Rica. In the first chapter, we conducted a systematic literature review to clarify spatial patterns within the genus Crotalus. In the second chapter, we estimated home ranges of C. simus at 10.31 ± 4.14 ha, movement rates at 14.49 ± 2.15 m/d, and described patterns in activity and refuge use. We determined that sex and size do not influence spatial ecology, whereas structural microhabitat characteristics do affect refuge selection and activity. In addition, we demonstrated that relocation does not alter home ranges or movement patterns. In the third chapter, we identified that C. simus selects areas with higher temperatures and farther from water bodies. During the day, individuals specifically selected areas with higher relative humidity and more understory structures, while at night they used more exposed locations farther from large trees and logs. Resident and translocated individuals followed different microhabitat selection patterns. Residents selected areas with higher humidity and farther from fallen logs, whereas relocated individuals preferred areas farther from large structures such as trees but with high structural complexity at the understory level. In the fourth chapter, we report the clinical picture of a C. simus envenomation resulting from a human-snake encounter. This project presents novel findings on the spatial ecology of the Mesoamerican rattlesnake and provides insights into how these aspects differ between resident and relocated individuals.
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Ecología animal, Comportamiento animal, Serpientes Tropicales, Ofidismo, Crotalus, Mesoamerica
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