Potenciales impactos del cambio climático en los organismos de interés pesquero del Caribe y vulnerabilidad de las personas pescadoras de pequeña escala que dependen de estos recursos
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Quesada Pérez, Fabio
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Capítulo 1. ¿Cómo el calentamiento y la desoxigenación oceánica remodelarán la viabilidad del hábitat de los organismos pesqueros del Caribe hacia finales de siglo? El calentamiento y la desoxigenación oceánica constituyen dos de las mayores amenazas que enfrentan los ecosistemas marinos, al alterar el equilibrio entre el suministro y la demanda de oxígeno y comprimir el ámbito aeróbico de los organismos marinos. En el Gran Caribe, estos procesos representan una amenaza significativa para las pesquerías que sustentan los medios de vida locales, la seguridad alimentaria y la identidad cultural de las comunidades costeras. Mediante el uso del modelo regional acoplado de alta resolución COAWST, en combinación con el Índice de Crecimiento Aeróbico (AGI, por sus siglas en inglés), este estudio evalúa cómo las condiciones climáticas futuras podrían remodelar el hábitat tridimensional de 69 especies de peces y crustáceos de importancia comercial para el período 2080–2100. Las proyecciones indican una reducción media de aproximadamente un tercio (≈33%) del hábitat viable en comparación con el período de referencia 1995–2014 bajo un escenario de altas emisiones (SSP5–8.5), con una marcada variabilidad espacial en toda la cuenca. El Caribe sur y suroccidental emergen como las ecorregiones más afectadas, con pérdidas superiores al 50%, mientras que las Antillas Mayores y las Bahamas presentan disminuciones más moderadas (inferiores al 15%). Los patrones verticales revelan que las capas someras (0–40 m) y profundidades medias (40–200 m) son las más afectadas. Las especies demersales y bentónicas —como bagres, corvinas, crustáceos y langostas— muestran una mayor vulnerabilidad que los taxones pelágicos. Esta diferenciación sugiere que las pesquerías artesanales y de subsistencia, que dependen de recursos costeros y de fondo, podrían enfrentar los impactos más severos. Estos resultados destacan la necesidad de estrategias de manejo adaptativas, equitativas y transfronterizas que aseguren la sostenibilidad de los recursos marinos bajo los futuros escenarios de cambio.
Capítulo 2. Las pesca artesanal de pequeña escala en el Caribe sur de Costa Rica: riesgo y vulnerabilidad ante el cambio climático. El cambio climático está transformando la abundancia, distribución y productividad de los recursos marinos, comprometiendo los medios de vida que dependen de ellos. En el Caribe Sur de Costa Rica, donde la pesca artesanal constituye una actividad tradicional e identitaria, estos cambios podrían tener efectos profundos. Este estudio evaluó el riesgo climático que enfrenta la comunidad pesquera artesanal de pequeña escala de esta región ante los impactos del calentamiento y la desoxigenación oceánica, integrando componentes ecológicos y sociales bajo el marco conceptual del IPCC, que define el riesgo como la interacción entre peligro, exposición y vulnerabilidad. El peligro se representó mediante la pérdida proyectada de hábitat viable para especies de importancia comercial hacia finales de siglo, bajo el escenario de altas emisiones (SSP5-8.5). La exposición se estimó a partir de la relevancia de dichos grupos para la pesquería local, mientras que la vulnerabilidad se derivó de indicadores de dependencia y capacidad adaptativa obtenidos mediante entrevistas a 25 personas pescadoras. Los resultados indican que la comunidad enfrenta un riesgo climático relativamente alto (0.57), impulsado principalmente por pérdidas proyectadas del 66 % en el hábitat viable de especies clave como pargos, macarelas, jureles y langostas. Aunque la dependencia económica y alimentaria fue relativamente baja, la dependencia sociocultural resultó elevada, evidenciando el valor identitario de la pesca en la región. Entre los componentes de la capacidad adaptativa, la flexibilidad destacó como un factor favorable, mientras que los activos, la organización social y la agencia se identificaron como aspectos que podrían limitar la adaptación. En conjunto, los hallazgos sugieren que el fortalecimiento de la educación climática, las oportunidades económicas locales bien remuneradas y la confianza entre instituciones y comunidades podría reducir el riesgo climático y contribuir a la sostenibilidad de los medios de vida pesqueros en el Caribe Sur de Costa Rica.
Chapter 1. How Will Ocean Warming and Deoxygenation Reshape the Habitat Viability of Caribbean Fishery Organisms by the End of the Century? Ocean warming and deoxygenation are two of the greatest threats facing marine ecosystems, as they alter the balance between oxygen supply and demand and compress the aerobic scope of marine organisms. In the Wider Caribbean, these processes pose a significant risk to fisheries that sustain local livelihoods, food security, and the cultural identity of coastal communities. Using the high-resolution COAWST regional coupled model in combination with the Aerobic Growth Index (AGI)—a physiological indicator that integrates temperature and oxygen constraints—this study assesses how future climate conditions could reshape the three-dimensional habitat of 69 fish and crustacean species of commercial importance by 2080 2100. Projections indicate an average reduction of approximately one-third (≈33%) in viable habitat compared to the reference period 1995–2014 under a high-emission scenario (SSP5 8.5), with marked spatial variability across the basin. The southern and southwestern Caribbean emerge as the most affected ecoregions, with losses exceeding 50%, whereas the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas show comparatively moderate declines (below 15%). Vertical patterns reveal that shallow (0–40 m) and mid-depth (40–200 m) layers are the most impacted. Demersal and benthic species—such as catfishes, drums, crustaceans, and lobsters—display greater vulnerability than pelagic taxa. This differentiation suggests that small-scale and subsistence fisheries, which depend on nearshore and bottom-associated resources, are likely to experience the most severe impacts. These results highlight the need for adaptive, equitable, and transboundary management strategies to ensure the sustainability of marine resources under future climate change scenarios. Chapter 2. Small-Scale Artisanal Fisheries in the Southern Caribbean of Costa Rica: Risk and Vulnerability to Climate Change. Climate change is transforming the abundance, distribution, and productivity of marine resources, compromising the livelihoods that depend on them. In the Southern Caribbean of Costa Rica, where artisanal fishing constitutes a traditional and identity-based activity, these changes could have profound effects. This study assessed the climate risk faced by the small-scale artisanal fishing community of this region in response to the impacts of ocean warming and deoxygenation, integrating ecological and social components under the conceptual framework of the IPCC, which defines risk as the interaction between hazard, exposure, and vulnerability. The hazard was represented by the projected loss of habitat viability for commercially important species by the end of the century, under a high-emission scenario (SSP5-8.5). Exposure was estimated based on the relative importance of these species' groups to the local fishery, while vulnerability was derived from indicators of dependence and adaptive capacity obtained through interviews with 25 fishers. Results indicate that the community faces a relatively high climate risk (0.57), driven mainly by a projected 66% loss in the habitat viability of key species such as snappers, mackerels, jacks, and lobsters. Although economic and food dependence were VIII relatively low, sociocultural dependence was high, reflecting the strong identity value of fishing in the region. Among the components of adaptive capacity, flexibility emerged as a favorable factor, while assets, social organization, and agency were identified as aspects that could limit adaptation. Overall, the findings suggest that strengthening climate education, improving access to stable and well-paid local economic opportunities, and fostering trust between institutions and fishing communities could reduce climate risk and contribute to the long-term sustainability of fishing livelihoods in the Southern Caribbean of Costa Rica.
Chapter 1. How Will Ocean Warming and Deoxygenation Reshape the Habitat Viability of Caribbean Fishery Organisms by the End of the Century? Ocean warming and deoxygenation are two of the greatest threats facing marine ecosystems, as they alter the balance between oxygen supply and demand and compress the aerobic scope of marine organisms. In the Wider Caribbean, these processes pose a significant risk to fisheries that sustain local livelihoods, food security, and the cultural identity of coastal communities. Using the high-resolution COAWST regional coupled model in combination with the Aerobic Growth Index (AGI)—a physiological indicator that integrates temperature and oxygen constraints—this study assesses how future climate conditions could reshape the three-dimensional habitat of 69 fish and crustacean species of commercial importance by 2080 2100. Projections indicate an average reduction of approximately one-third (≈33%) in viable habitat compared to the reference period 1995–2014 under a high-emission scenario (SSP5 8.5), with marked spatial variability across the basin. The southern and southwestern Caribbean emerge as the most affected ecoregions, with losses exceeding 50%, whereas the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas show comparatively moderate declines (below 15%). Vertical patterns reveal that shallow (0–40 m) and mid-depth (40–200 m) layers are the most impacted. Demersal and benthic species—such as catfishes, drums, crustaceans, and lobsters—display greater vulnerability than pelagic taxa. This differentiation suggests that small-scale and subsistence fisheries, which depend on nearshore and bottom-associated resources, are likely to experience the most severe impacts. These results highlight the need for adaptive, equitable, and transboundary management strategies to ensure the sustainability of marine resources under future climate change scenarios. Chapter 2. Small-Scale Artisanal Fisheries in the Southern Caribbean of Costa Rica: Risk and Vulnerability to Climate Change. Climate change is transforming the abundance, distribution, and productivity of marine resources, compromising the livelihoods that depend on them. In the Southern Caribbean of Costa Rica, where artisanal fishing constitutes a traditional and identity-based activity, these changes could have profound effects. This study assessed the climate risk faced by the small-scale artisanal fishing community of this region in response to the impacts of ocean warming and deoxygenation, integrating ecological and social components under the conceptual framework of the IPCC, which defines risk as the interaction between hazard, exposure, and vulnerability. The hazard was represented by the projected loss of habitat viability for commercially important species by the end of the century, under a high-emission scenario (SSP5-8.5). Exposure was estimated based on the relative importance of these species' groups to the local fishery, while vulnerability was derived from indicators of dependence and adaptive capacity obtained through interviews with 25 fishers. Results indicate that the community faces a relatively high climate risk (0.57), driven mainly by a projected 66% loss in the habitat viability of key species such as snappers, mackerels, jacks, and lobsters. Although economic and food dependence were VIII relatively low, sociocultural dependence was high, reflecting the strong identity value of fishing in the region. Among the components of adaptive capacity, flexibility emerged as a favorable factor, while assets, social organization, and agency were identified as aspects that could limit adaptation. Overall, the findings suggest that strengthening climate education, improving access to stable and well-paid local economic opportunities, and fostering trust between institutions and fishing communities could reduce climate risk and contribute to the long-term sustainability of fishing livelihoods in the Southern Caribbean of Costa Rica.
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Keywords
Calentamiento, Pesca, Caribe Sur, Desoxigenación, Riesgo