Occurrence of pharmaceuticals, hazard assessment and ecotoxicological evaluation of wastewater treatment plants in Costa Rica

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dc.creatorRamírez Morales, Didier Daniel
dc.creatorMasís Mora, Mario Alberto
dc.creatorMontiel Mora, José Rolando
dc.creatorCambronero Heinrichs, Juan Carlos
dc.creatorBriceño Guevara, Susana
dc.creatorRojas Sánchez, Carlos Enrique
dc.creatorMéndez Rivera, Michael
dc.creatorArias Mora, Víctor
dc.creatorTormo Budowski, Rebeca
dc.creatorBrenes Alfaro, Laura
dc.creatorRodríguez Rodríguez, Carlos E.
dc.date.accessioned2021-03-10T22:19:58Z
dc.date.available2021-03-10T22:19:58Z
dc.date.issued2020
dc.description.abstractThe continuous release of pharmaceuticals from WWTP effluents to freshwater is a matter of concern, due to their potential effects on non-target organisms. The occurrence of pharmaceuticals in WWTPs and their associated hazard have been scarcely studied in Latin American countries. This study aimed at monitoring for the first time the occurrence of 70 pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs) in WWTPs across Costa Rica; the application of the hazard quotient (HQ) approach coupled to ecotoxicological determinations permitted to identify the hazard posed by specific pharmaceuticals and toxicity of the effluents, respectively. Thirty-three PhACs were found, with 1,7-dimethylxanthine, caffeine, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, naproxen, ketoprofen and gemfibrozil being the most frequently detected (influents/effluents). HQ for specific pharmaceuticals revealed 24 compounds with high/medium hazard in influents, while the amount only decreased to 21 in effluents. The top HQ values were obtained for risperidone, lovastatin, diphenhydramine and fluoxetine (influent/effluent samples), plus caffeine (influent) and trimethoprim (effluent). Likewise, the estimation of overall hazard in WWTP samples (sum of individual HQ, ∑HQ) demonstrated that every influent and 96% of the effluents presented high hazard towards aquatic organisms. Ecotoxicological analysis (Daphnia magna, Lactuca sativa and Microtox test) revealed that 16.7% of the effluents presented toxicity towards all benchmark organisms; the phytotoxicity was particularly frequent, as inhibition values ≥20% in the germination index for L. sativa were obtained for all the effluents. The ∑HQ approach estimated the highest hazard in urban wastewater, while the ecotoxicological results showed the highest toxicity in hospital and landfill wastewater. Likewise, ecotoxicological results and ∑HQ values showed a rather poor correlation; instead, better correlations were obtained between ecotoxicological parameters and HQ values for some individual pharmaceuticals such as cephalexin and diphenhydramine. Findings from this study provide novel information on the occurrence of pharmaceuticals and the performance of WWTPs in the tropical region of Central America.
dc.description.procedenceUCR::Vicerrectoría de Investigación::Unidades de Investigación::Ciencias Básicas::Centro en Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental (CICA)
dc.description.procedenceUCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Salud::Facultad de Microbiología
dc.description.procedenceUCR::Sedes Regionales::Sede del Caribe
dc.identifier.citationhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896972034729X
dc.identifier.codproyecto802-B7-A09
dc.identifier.codproyecto802B8-510
dc.identifier.codproyecto802-B8-144
dc.identifier.codproyecto802-B8-145
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141200
dc.identifier.issn0048-9697
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/10669/83025
dc.rightsacceso embargado
dc.sourceScience of The Total Environment, Vol. 746: pp. 141200
dc.subjectLatin America
dc.subjectPharmaceuticals
dc.subjectAntibiotics
dc.subjectEcotoxicity
dc.subjectHazard quotient
dc.subjectWWTP
dc.titleOccurrence of pharmaceuticals, hazard assessment and ecotoxicological evaluation of wastewater treatment plants in Costa Rica
dc.typeartículo original

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