El estudio de las relaciones internacionales en China antigua: el Sistema tributario en la dinastía Ming
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Tipo
artículo original
Autores
Tzili Apango, Eduardo
Martínez Ruiz, Itzel
Fierro de Jesús, Tonatiuh
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Escuela de Lenguas Modernas, Universidad de Costa Rica
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Descripción
Los estudios sobre China, o Asia en general, ofrecen campos de investigación apropiados para la reformulación de teorías y paradigmas. Tal es el caso de la teoría del Sistema tributario, la cual ha explicado la historia de las relaciones internacionales de China durante medio siglo al menos. Básicamente, esta teoría afirma que las relaciones entre China y sus vecinos fueron de carácter tributario, en las que las dinastías chinas fungieron como receptoras de honores y tributos, mientras que los pueblos circundantes tuvieron que acatar esta dinámica. Sin embargo, recientes investigaciones apuntan a que este tipo de vínculos no fue la norma. Nuestro estudio se enfoca en las relaciones de la dinastía Ming con pueblos del norte y del sursureste. No pretendemos resolver cues- tiones históricas, sino, más bien, fomentar preguntas de investigación que ahonden futuros académicos. Nuestra hipótesis es que las relaciones tributarias solo se dieron en el nivel de gobierno mientras en el nivel de sociedad funcionó otro tipo de dinámica. Nuestra investigación nos lleva a concluir que, al menos durante Ming, las relaciones tributarias tuvie- ron auge y caída, pero las relaciones sociales se mantuvieron pese a la inexistencia de relaciones tributarias.
Chinese studies, or Asian studies in general, offer appropriate research fields for reformulating certain theories or paradigms. Such is the case of the Theory of the Tributary System, which has explained China’s history of international relations for nearly half a century. Basically, this theory affirms that relations between China and its neighbors were tributary in character. These Chinese dynasties were the objectives of given tributes and honors, while surrounding nations had to abide to this dynamic. However, recent research shows that these kind of social linkages were not the norm. Our paper focuses in Ming’s dynasty relations with nations in the north and in the south-southeast. We will not attempt to solve historical questions, but to encourage research questions that future schol- ars will solve. Our hypothesis is that tributary relations were only at the government’s level, whilst concerning the societal level another type of dynamics operated. Our research leads us to conclude that during the Ming dynasty, tributary relations had boom and bust, but social relations were maintained although no tributary relations existed at all.
Instituto Confucio, Universidad de Costa Rica
Chinese studies, or Asian studies in general, offer appropriate research fields for reformulating certain theories or paradigms. Such is the case of the Theory of the Tributary System, which has explained China’s history of international relations for nearly half a century. Basically, this theory affirms that relations between China and its neighbors were tributary in character. These Chinese dynasties were the objectives of given tributes and honors, while surrounding nations had to abide to this dynamic. However, recent research shows that these kind of social linkages were not the norm. Our paper focuses in Ming’s dynasty relations with nations in the north and in the south-southeast. We will not attempt to solve historical questions, but to encourage research questions that future schol- ars will solve. Our hypothesis is that tributary relations were only at the government’s level, whilst concerning the societal level another type of dynamics operated. Our research leads us to conclude that during the Ming dynasty, tributary relations had boom and bust, but social relations were maintained although no tributary relations existed at all.
Instituto Confucio, Universidad de Costa Rica
Palabras clave
Sistema tributario, relaciones internacionales, fronteras, China, dinastía Ming, Tributary System, international relations, borders, China, Ming dinasty