Bioavailability of Xenobiotics in the Soil Environment
Fecha
2010
Tipo
capítulo de libro
Autores
Katayama, Arata
Bhula, Raj
Burns, G. Richard
Carazo Rojas, Elizabeth
Felsot, Allan
Hamilton, Denilson
Harris, Caroline
Yong Hwa, Kim
Kleter, Gijs
Koedel, Werner
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Resumen
When synthetic, xenobiotic compounds such as agrochemicals and industrial chemicals are utilized, they eventually reach the soil environment where they are subject to degradation, leaching, volatilization, sorption, and uptake by organisms. The simplest assumption is that such chemicals in soil are totally available to microorganisms, plant roots, and soil fauna via direct, contact exposure; subsequently these organisms are consumed as part of food web processes and bioaccumulation may occur, increasing exposures to higher organisms up the food chain. However, studies in the last two decades have revealed that chemical residues in the environment are not completely bioavailable, so that their uptake by biota is less than the total amount present in soil (Alexander 1995; Gevao et al. 2003; Paine et al. 1996). Therefore, the toxicity, biodegradability, and efficacy of xenobiotics are dependent on their soil bioavailability, rendering this concept profoundly important to chemical risk assessment and pesticide registration.
Descripción
Palabras clave
Soil fauna, Bioavailability estimates, Chemical bioavailability, Atrazine, Hydrophobic chemicals