Caracterización fisicoquímica del río Rosales en Grecia periodo 2023–2025, calidad del agua superficial: implicaciones ecológicas y sanitarias
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Bolaños Alfaro, John Diego
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La calidad del agua superficial del río Rosales fue evaluada mediante análisis fisicoquímicos en 18 muestras recolectadas durante los años 2023, 2024 y 2025, con el objetivo de establecer el grado de contaminación en diferentes sectores del río (zona alta, media y baja), para reconocer los riesgos ecológicos y sanitarios asociados a dicha calidad. Se monitorearon parámetros como nitrógeno amoniacal, nitratos, fosfatos, demanda biológica de oxígeno (DBO5), demanda química de oxígeno (DQO), turbidez, pH, oxígeno disuelto, entre otros. Se utilizó el Índice Holandés fisicoquímico y el índice biológico BMWP-CR para clasificar la calidad del río en cada sector analizado. Los resultados indican que en época seca predomina la contaminación moderada (clases 3 y 4), con niveles elevados de nutrientes (nitratos > 50 mg/L) y materia orgánica (DBO5 > 15 mg/L). En época lluviosa se observó una mejora relativa de la calidad del río, a contaminación incipiente (clase 2) por el aumento de caudal. Se determinaron altas concentraciones de nitratos y nitrógeno amoniacal durante los tres años, y se notaron en sitio múltiples fuentes de contaminación puntual, entre ellos vertidos residuales, así como contaminación difusa por escorrentía de contaminantes agrícolas que sumados al irrespeto de las zonas de protección del río provocan un excesivo aporte de nutrientes generando eutroficación incipiente con proliferación de algas y macrófitas en la zona baja del río. En conclusión, el río Rosales presenta una contaminación incipiente o superior que promueve procesos eutróficos que merecen medidas de gestión encausadas a mejorar la calidad del agua para asegurar la integridad ecológica y la salud humana en las comunidades circunvecinas.
The surface water quality of the Rosales River was evaluated through physicochemical analyses of 18samples collected during 2023, 2024, and 2025, with the aim of assessing thedegree of contamination in different sections of the river (upper, middle, and lower zones) and identifying the associated ecological and health risks. Parameters such as ammoniacal nitrogen, nitrates, phosphates, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, turbidity, pH, dissolved oxygen, among others, were monitored. The Dutch physicochemical index and the biological index BMWP-CR were used to classify the river’s quality in each analyzed sector. The results indicate that during the dry season, moderate contamination (classes 3 and 4) predominates, with elevated levels of nutrients (nitrates > 50 mg/L) and organic matter (BOD5> 15 mg/L). In the rainy season, a relative improvement in water quality was observed, shifting to incipient contamination (class 2) due to increased flow. High concentrations of nitrates and ammoniacal nitrogen were recorded throughout the three years. Multiple point sources of pollution (wastewater discharges and agricultural runoff) were noted on site, and along with the disregard for riparian protection zones, these contributed to an excessive input of nutrients, generating incipient eutrophication with the proliferation of algae and macrophytes in the lower section of the river. In conclusion, the Rosales River presents incipient or higher levels of contamination that foster eutrophic processes, which call for management measures aimed at improving water quality to ensure ecological integrity and human health in the surrounding communities.
The surface water quality of the Rosales River was evaluated through physicochemical analyses of 18samples collected during 2023, 2024, and 2025, with the aim of assessing thedegree of contamination in different sections of the river (upper, middle, and lower zones) and identifying the associated ecological and health risks. Parameters such as ammoniacal nitrogen, nitrates, phosphates, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, turbidity, pH, dissolved oxygen, among others, were monitored. The Dutch physicochemical index and the biological index BMWP-CR were used to classify the river’s quality in each analyzed sector. The results indicate that during the dry season, moderate contamination (classes 3 and 4) predominates, with elevated levels of nutrients (nitrates > 50 mg/L) and organic matter (BOD5> 15 mg/L). In the rainy season, a relative improvement in water quality was observed, shifting to incipient contamination (class 2) due to increased flow. High concentrations of nitrates and ammoniacal nitrogen were recorded throughout the three years. Multiple point sources of pollution (wastewater discharges and agricultural runoff) were noted on site, and along with the disregard for riparian protection zones, these contributed to an excessive input of nutrients, generating incipient eutrophication with the proliferation of algae and macrophytes in the lower section of the river. In conclusion, the Rosales River presents incipient or higher levels of contamination that foster eutrophic processes, which call for management measures aimed at improving water quality to ensure ecological integrity and human health in the surrounding communities.
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calidad del agua, contaminación del agua, eutrofización, río rosales, macroinvertebrados, water quality, eutrophication, water pollution, rosales river, macroinvertebrates
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