STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2023 August 2024 | state of the Climate in 2023 7. RegionAl ClimAtes S371 REGIONAL CLIMATES A. Arguez, P. Bissolli, C. Ganter, R. Martinez, A. Mekonnen, L. Stevens, and Z. Zhu, Eds. Special Online Supplement to the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 105, No. 8, August 2024 https://doi.org/10.1175/2024BAMSStateoftheClimate_Chapter7.1 Corresponding authors: North America: Laura Stevens / Laura.Stevens@noaa.gov Central America and the Caribbean: Anthony Arguez / Anthony.Arguez@noaa.gov South America: Rodney Martinez / rmartinez@wmo.int Africa: Ademe Mekonnen / amekonne@ncat.edu Europe: Peter Bissolli / Peter.Bissolli@dwd.de Asia: Zhiwei Zhu / zwz@nuist.edu.cn Oceania: Catherine Ganter / Catherine.Ganter@bom.gov.au ©2024 American Meteorological Society For information regarding reuse of this content and general copyright information, consult the AMS Copyright Policy. August 2024 | state of the Climate in 2023 7. RegionAl ClimAtes S372 STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2023 Regional Climates Editors Jessica Blunden Tim Boyer Chapter Editors Anthony Arguez Josh Blannin Peter Bissolli Kyle R. Clem Howard J. Diamond Matthew L. Druckenmiller Robert J. H. Dunn Catherine Ganter Nadine Gobron Gregory C. Johnson Rick Lumpkin Rodney Martinez Ademe Mekonnen John B. Miller Twila A. Moon Marilyn N. Raphael Carl J. Schreck III Laura Stevens Richard L. Thoman Kate M. Willett Zhiwei Zhu Technical Editor Lukas Noguchi BAMS Special Editor for Climate Timothy DelSole American Meteorological Society August 2024 | state of the Climate in 2023 7. RegionAl ClimAtes S373 Cover Credit: Wildfire EWF-031 located southeast of Edson in Alberta, Canada, on 5 May 2023. (Photo credit: Alberta Forestry and Parks) How to cite this document: Regional Climates is one chapter from the State of the Climate in 2023 annual report and is available from https://doi.org/10.1175/2024BAMSStateoftheClimate_Chapter7.1. Compiled by NOAA’s National Centers for Environmental Information, State of the Climate in 2023 is based on contributions from scientists from around the world. It provides a detailed update on global climate indicators, notable weather events, and other data collected by environmental monitoring stations and instruments located on land, water, ice, and in space. The full report is available from https://doi.org/10.1175/2024BAMSStateoftheClimate.1. Citing the complete report: Blunden, J. and T. Boyer, Eds., 2024: “State of the Climate in 2023”. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 105 (8), Si–S483 https://doi.org/10.1175/2024BAMSStateoftheClimate.1. Citing this chapter: Arguez, A., Bissolli, P., C. Ganter, R. Martinez, A. Mekonnen, L. Stevens, and Z. Zhu, Eds., 2024: Regional Climates [in “State of the Climate in 2023“]. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 105 (8), S371–S484, https://doi.org/10.1175/2024BAMSStateoftheClimate_Chapter7.1. Citing a section (example): Kabidi, K., A. Sayouri, M. ElKharrim, S. Hakmi, and A. E. Mostafa, 2024: North Africa [in “State of the Climate in 2023”]. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 105 (8), S406–S408, https://doi.org/10.1175/2024BAMSStateoftheClimate_Chapter7.1. August 2024 | state of the Climate in 2023 7. RegionAl ClimAtes S374 Editor and Author Affiliations (alphabetical by name) Agyakwah, W., NOAA/NWS National Centers for Environmental Prediction Climate Prediction Center, College Park, Maryland Ahmadpour, Somayeh, Brandenburg University of Technology (BTU), Cottbus- Senftenberg, Germany Aldeco, Laura S., Servicio Meteorológico Nacional, Buenos Aires, Argentina Alfaro, Eric J., Center for Geophysical Research and School of Physics, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica Alves, Lincoln M., Centro Nacional de Monitoramento e Alertas de Desastres Naturais CEMADEN, São Paulo, Brazil Amador, Jorge A., Center for Geophysical Research and School of Physics, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica Andrade, B., Seychelles Meteorological Authority, Mahe, Seychelles Arguez, Anthony, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina Avalos, Grinia, Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología del Perú, Lima, Perú Bardin, M. Yu., Yu. A. Izrael Institute of Global Climate and Ecology, Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia Beauchemin, Marc, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Montreal, Canada Bekele, E., NOAA/NWS National Centers for Environmental Prediction Climate Prediction Center, College Park, Maryland Berne, Christine, Météo France, Toulouse, France Bissolli, Peter, Deutscher Wetterdienst, WMO RA VI Regional Climate Centre Network, Offenbach, Germany Bochníček, Oliver, Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia Bukunt, Brandon, NOAA/NWS Weather Forecast Office, Tiyan, Guam Calderón, Blanca, Center for Geophysical Research, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica Campbell, Jayaka, Department of Physics, The University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica Chandler, Elise, Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Australia Charlton, Candice S., Department of Physics, The University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica Chen, Jack, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Canada Cheng, Vincent Y. S., Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada Chisholm, Lucy, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Halifax, Canada Clarke, Leonardo, Department of Physics, The University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica Correa, Kris, Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología del Perú, Lima, Perú Costa, Felipe, Centro Internacional para la Investigación del Fenómeno de El Niño (CIIFEN), Guayaquil, Ecuador Cunha, Ana P., Centro Nacional de Monitoramento e Alertas de Desastres Naturais CEMADEN, São Paulo, Brazil De Bock, Veerle, Royal Meteorological Institute, Ukkel, Belgium Dindyal, S., Mauritius Meteorological Service, Vacoas, Mauritius Dulamsuren, Dashkhuu, Institute of Meteorology, Hydrology and Environment, National Agency for Meteorology, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia Echeverría Garcés, Paola, Instituto Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología de Ecuador (INAMHI), Quito, Ecuador Ekici, Mithat, Turkish State Meteorological Service, Ankara, Türkiye ElKharrim, M., General Directorate of Meteorology, Rabat, Morocco Espinoza, Jhan-Carlo, Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement, IRD, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Grenoble, France Fenimore, Chris, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina Fu, Shanshan, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China Ganter, Catherine, Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Australia Gevorgyan, Artur, Hydrometeorology and Monitoring Center, Yerevan, Armenia Gleason, Karin, NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina Gómez Camacho, Julio, National Meteorological Service of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico González Hernández, Yolanda, Centro Internacional para la Investigación del Fenómeno de El Niño (CIIFEN), Guayaquil, Ecuador Hakmi, S., General Directorate of Meteorology, Rabat, Morocco Heim, Richard R. Jr., NOAA/NESDIS National Centers for Environmental Information, Asheville, North Carolina Hicks, J., NOAA/NWS National Centers for Environmental Prediction Climate Prediction Center, College Park, Maryland Hidalgo, Hugo G., Center for Geophysical Research and School of Physics, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica Huang, Hongjie, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China Jadra, Gerardo, Instituto Uruguayo de Meteorología, Montevideo, Uruguay Jain, Piyush, Natural Resources Canada, Edmonton, Canada Jumaux, G., Meteo France, Direction Interregionale Pour L’Ocean Indien, Reunion Kabidi, K., General Directorate of Meteorology, Rabat, Morocco Kazemi, Amin Fazl, Iran National Meteorology Organization, Tehran, Iran Kendon, Michael, Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom Kennedy, John, Independent Researcher, Verdun, France Khalatyan, Yelena, Hydrometeorology and Monitoring Center, Yerevan, Armenia Khan, Valentina, Hydrometeorological Centre of Russia, World Meteorological Organization (WMO) North EurAsia Climate Center, Moscow, Russia Khiem, Mai Van, National Center for Hydro-Meteorological Forecasting, Vietnam Meteorological and Hydrological Administration, Hanoi, Vietnam Kirchmeier-Young, Megan, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada Korshunova, Natalia N., All-Russia Research Institute of Hydrometeorological Information, World Data Center, Obninsk, Russia Kruger, A. C., Climate Service, South African Weather Service, Pretoria, South Africa Lakatos, Mónika, Climatology Unit, Hungarian Meteorological Service, Budapest, Hungary Lam, Hoang Phuc, National Center for Hydro-Meteorological Forecasting, Vietnam Meteorological and Hydrological Administration, Hanoi, Vietnam Lavado-Casimiro, Waldo, Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología del Perú, Lima, Perú Lee, Tsz-Cheung, Hong Kong Observatory, Hong Kong, China Lu, Rui, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China Mamen, Jostein, Climate Division, Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway Marengo, Jose A., Centro Nacional de Monitoramento e Alertas de Desastres Naturais CEMADEN, São Paulo, Brazil Marjan, Mohammadi, Iran National Meteorology Organization, Tehran, Iran Martinez, Rodney, World Meteorological Organization, San Jose, Costa Rica McBride, C., Climate Service, South African Weather Service, Pretoria, South Africa Mekonnen, Ademe, North Carolina A&T University, Greensboro, North Carolina Meyers, Tristan, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Auckland, New Zealand Minney, Caitlin, Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Australia Moise, Aurel, Centre for Climate Research Singapore, Meteorological Service Singapore, Singapore Molina-Carpio, Jorge, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia Moody, Ronald, Meteorological Service Jamaica, Kingston, Jamaica Mora, Natali, Center for Geophysical Research, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica Mostafa, A. E., Department of Seasonal Forecast and Climate Research, Cairo Numerical Weather Prediction, Egyptian Meteorological Authority, Cairo, Egypt Muharsyah, Robi, Division of Climate Variability Analysis, Meteorological, Climatological, and Geophysical Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia August 2024 | state of the Climate in 2023 7. RegionAl ClimAtes S390 c. Central America and the Caribbean 1. CENTRAL AMERICA —H. G. Hidalgo, J. A. Amador, E. J. Alfaro, B. Calderón, and N. Mora For this region, nine stations from five countries were analyzed (see Fig. 7.9 for data, station list, and specific data sources). The station distribution is representative of the relevant seasonal and intraseasonal regimes of precipitation (Amador 1998; Magaña et al. 1999; Amador et al. 2016a,b), wind (Amador 2008), and temperature (Hidalgo et al. 2019) on the Caribbean and Pacific slopes of Central America (CA). Precipitation, temperature, and regional wind data for the stations analyzed were provided either by CA National Weather Services (CA-NWS), NOAA, or the University of Costa Rica; in some cases, missing daily precipitation data were filled with the nearest grid point data from the Climate Hazards and Infrared Precipitation with Stations dataset (CHIRPS; Funk et al. 2015). Anomalies are reported using a 1991–2020 base period and were calculated from data provided by CA-NWS. The precise methodologies used for all vari- ables are described by Amador et al. (2011). The Puerto San José station in Guatemala, used in past reports, was substituted with the nearby Montufar station due to lack of data in 2023. (i) Temperature The mean temperature (Tm, °C) frequency distributions in 2023 as well as the climatology for all stations analyzed are shown in Fig. 7.9. Most stations across Central America had well-above- normal annual temperatures. Only the station of Liberia, Costa Rica (Tm7), had near-normal temperatures. The two northernmost stations in the Caribbean coast, Philip Goldson International Airport, Belize (Tm1), and Puerto Barrios, Guatemala (Tm2), exhibited a bimodal temperature distribution over the course of the seasonal cycle during the 1991–2020 reference period. This was also reported in the last two yearly climate reports. This feature is also hinted at in the two-peak distribution of Tm in both stations in 2023 (more so in Belize). (ii) Precipitation The accumulated pentad precipitation (mm) time series for the nine stations in Central America are presented in Fig. 7.9. Most stations had below-average rainfall totals, with the exceptions of Puerto Barrios (P2) and Montufar (P9) in Guatemala, which presented near-normal conditions, and Tocumen (P5) and David (P6) in Panama, which presented wetter-than-normal conditions. Notably, 2023 showed an atypical precipitation response to the prevailing El Niño–Southern Oscillation event, most likely related to the prevailing above-average sea surface temperature anomalies in the Atlantic/Caribbean basin. Most of the stations on the Pacific and Caribbean side ended the year with below-average annual accumulations (except for the Panama stations) with no contrast between the usual opposite responses in the Pacific and Caribbean slopes. Despite reported problems in the operation of the Panama Canal due to low water levels in Gatun Lake, the Panama stations generally tracked near- to above-normal precipitation throughout 2023, suggesting that rainfall accumulations were not a likely cause of the operational issues in the canal zone. The prevailing wind anomaly pattern (Fig. 7.9) in July implies a light flow from the Caribbean to the Pacific coast from the Nicaragua–Costa Rica border to the north; negative wind anomalies and drier-than-normal Pacific conditions are typical during an El Niño event. (iii) Notable events and impacts During 2023, Central America was impacted by various stages of low-pressure systems, including tropical depressions and tropical storms. However, tropical cyclone activity in the Caribbean and eastern tropical Pacific affecting Central America was below normal in 2023. A low-pressure system formed near the southwest coast of Costa Rica in the eastern tropical Pacific on 25 June, becoming Tropical Depression Two-E on 29 June, and eventually developing into Tropical Storm Beatriz. Later, a tropical wave crossed Central America into the eastern tropical Pacific on 29 July off the coast of El Salvador, producing a large area of rain and thunderstorms before becoming Tropical Depression Five-E on 31 July and, later, Tropical Storm Dora. On 12 August, another tropical wave crossed Central America to the eastern tropical Pacific, affecting Guatemala and El Salvador on 14 August. Then, a low-pressure system crossed the isthmus from the eastern tropical Pacific on 24–25 August and persisted offshore of the Caribbean Central America coast, becoming Tropical Depression 10 on 26 August and later becoming Hurricane August 2024 | state of the Climate in 2023 7. RegionAl ClimAtes S391 Idalia in the Gulf of Mexico. In the Caribbean region of the Atlantic basin, only Idalia at its early stages indirectly impacted the northern- most countries in Central America. Low-pressure development over the south- western Caribbean Sea affected Nicaragua on 23 October, later becoming Tropical Depression 21. The system crossed the isthmus and consolidated on 28–30 October, becoming Tropical Storm Pilar in the eastern tropical Pacific. Pilar presented an unusual track during its lifetime, moving eastward toward Central America during 28–31 October and then turning rapidly away from the region into the Pacific waters. Pilar mainly affected Nicaragua, El Salvador, and Honduras. Fig. 7.9. (a) Map indicating locations of the nine reporting stations (blue dots) in Central America: (1) Philip Goldson International Airport, Belize; (2) Puerto Barrios, Guatemala; (3) Puerto Lempira, Honduras; (4) Puerto Limón, Costa Rica; (5) Tocumen International Airport, Panamá; (6) David, Panamá; (7) Liberia, Costa Rica; (8) Choluteca, Honduras; and (9) Montufar, Guatemala. Vectors indicate July wind anomalies at 925 hPa (m s−1; 1991–2020 base period). Shading depicts regional ele- vation (m). (b) Left: Mean surface temperature (Tm; °C) frequency (F; days) and Right: accumulated pentad precip- itation (P; mm) time series are presented for each station, identified by the number. The blue solid line represents the 1991–2020 average values (daily temperature normals and average precipitation accumulations), and the red solid line shows 2023 values. Vertical dashed lines show the mean temperature for 2023 (red) and the 1991–2020 base period (blue). (Data sources: National Meteorological Service [NMS: Belize], Instituto Nacional de Sismología, Vulcanologia, Meteorologia e Hidrología [INSIVUMEH: Guatemala], Agencia Hondureña de Aeronáutica Civil [AHAC: Honduras], Instituto Meteorológico Nacional [IMN: Costa Rica], Instituto de Meteorología e Hidrología de Panamá [IMHPA: Panama], NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information [NOAA/NCEI: United States], and Climate Hazards and Infrared Precipitation with stations [CHIRPS; Funk et al. 2015] dataset.) August 2024 | state of the Climate in 2023 7. RegionAl ClimAtes S392 Other rain-producing systems caused landslides and flooding that killed 94 people: 1 each in Panama and Costa Rica, 2 in Nicaragua, 17 in El Salvador, 7 in Honduras, and 66 in Guatemala. Reported lightning strikes caused 24 fatalities in the region during the season (one each in Panama and Costa Rica, six in Nicaragua, seven in El Salvador, five in Guatemala, and four in Honduras). Mortality statistics provided above were obtained from newspaper publications and/or national emergency management agencies such as the fol- lowing: Guatemala: https://conred.gob.gt/; El Salvador: https://www.proteccioncivil.gob.sv, https://www.gobernacion.gob.sv, https://diario.elmundo.sv; Honduras: https://copeco.gob.hn; Panama: https://www.sinaproc.gob.pa, https://www.panamaamerica.com.pa; Costa Rica: https://www.nacion.com; Nicaragua: https://nicaraguainvestiga.com; https://www.elmundo.es/; https://www.laprensani.com/. Please see sections 4g2 and 4g3 for more details on the 2023 Atlantic basin and eastern Pacific basin tropical cyclones. 2. CARIBBEAN —T. S. Stephenson, M. A. Taylor, A. Trotman, C. J. Van Meerbeeck, L. Clarke, J. Spence-Hemmings, R. Moody, C. Charlton, and J. Campbell (i) Temperature In 2023, the annually averaged 2-m tem- perature over the Caribbean was 26.68°C, which was 0.73°C above the 1991–2020 average, making it the warmest year since the start of the record in 1950 (Fig. 7.10a). Seasonally, the Caribbean observed its sixth-warmest December–February (0.39°C above normal); fourth-warmest March–May (0.44°C); and record-warmest June–August (0.96°C) and September–November (1.03°C). Overall, the region has been warming at a rate of 0.12°C decade−1 since 1950 (0.18°C decade−1 since 1970). At the island scale (Fig. 7.11a), the year was characterized by record and near-record mean annual tem- peratures for 14 of 36 stations archived in the Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology CAROGEN database (Table 7.1). The Caribbean heat season, defined here as May–October, was record warm at 18 of 36 stations, with 30 stations measuring values exceeding their 90th percentile. (ii) Precipitation Annually averaged rainfall for 2023 over the Caribbean was ~0.16 mm day−1 drier than normal, which is ~95% of the 1991–2020 average (3.22 mm day−1; Fig. 7.10b). Normal to below-normal precipitation was observed over the eastern Caribbean, and above-normal precipitation was observed in the north (Fig. 7.11b). December–February rainfall was generally normal to below normal. More intense drying was observed over northern islands, including Jamaica, Haiti, and southeastern Cuba and the Dominican Republic. For March–May, above-normal anomalies were recorded over Fig. 7.10. Annually averaged (a) 2-m temperature anomaly (°C) and (b) rainfall anomaly (mm day−1) time series for the Caribbean (9°N–27°N, 58°W–90°W) for the period 1950–2023 relative to the 1991–2020 average. The black line represents the 10-year running mean. (Source: ERA5 from the Copernicus Climate Data Store.) August 2024 | state of the Climate in 2023 7. RegionAl ClimAtes S393 most of the northern islands, while near-normal to dry conditions continued over the east. During June–August, the region continued to transition to wetter-than-normal conditions in the north and to normal conditions over the rest of the region; however, very-dry conditions were observed over Tobago in the south. An expansion of the drying in the southeast was observed for September–November. Similarly, southeast Cuba and southern Puerto Rico reported drier-than- normal conditions; in contrast, the Bahamas recorded wetter-than-normal conditions during this period. Since the start of the record in 1971, Jimani, Dominican Republic, recorded its wettest year in 2023 (1105.8 mm, 159% of average); Padre Las Casas, Azua, Dominican Republic, its second wettest (1251.4 mm; 170.9%); Barrah, Dominican Republic, its seventh wettest (1510 mm; 154.0%); and Lynden Pindling International Airport, Bahamas, its fourth- wettest year (1911.0 mm, 133.3%). El Valle, Hato Mayor, Dominican Republic, observed its second-driest year since 1971 (662.4 mm, 47.6%); La Desirade, Guadeloupe, its fifth driest since 1971 (745.9 mm, 65.0%); Lajas, Puerto Rico, its second driest since 1973 (619.8 mm; 56.0%); E.T. Joshua Airport, St. Vincent, its third driest since 1979 (1606.9 mm; 76.0%); and Piarco, Trinidad, its sixth-driest year since 1971 (1498.9 mm; 81.6%). (iii) Notable events and impacts During 2–6 June, Tropical Storm Arlene caused flooding and landslides in Haiti. Seventy-eight deaths and damage in excess of $420 million (U.S. dollars) were reported (Delforge et al. 2023). During 8–13 June, excessive rainfall due to Tropical Depression Two impacted the central Bahamas, resulting in flooded homes, businesses, and vehicles in the district of Exuma (CCRIF SPC 2023a). Cuba was impacted by heavy rains from the same system on 8–10 June, affecting 18,500 residents (Delforge et al. 2023). On 22–23 June, the center of Tropical Storm Bret passed north of Barbados and over northern St. Vincent and the Grenadines, impacting over 300 people on these islands (Delforge et al. 2023). Bret also impacted St. Lucia, where heavy rains and strong winds downed power lines, flattened banana crops, damaged roofs, and caused flooding and mudslides in some communities (CCRIF SPC 2023b). Tropical Storm Franklin traversed the Dominican Republic during 20–23 August and caused flooding that impacted more than 289,000 residents (Delforge et al. 2023). During 26–29 August, Hurricane Idalia traveled close to the western tip of Cuba, causing flooding in that region. Tropical Storm Philippe impacted Dominica and Antigua and Barbuda on 2–3 October. Excess rainfall from the storm caused flooding and severe landslides in Dominica (CCRIF SPC 2023c). In Antigua and Barbuda, heavy rains and severe flooding impacted low-lying areas, damaged businesses, and caused power Fig. 7.11. Annual (a) mean temperature anomalies (°C) and (b) total precipitation anomalies (% of normal) relative to 1991–2020. (Source: Caribbean Climate Outlook Forum [CariCOF] and the Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology.) August 2024 | state of the Climate in 2023 7. RegionAl ClimAtes S394 outages (CCRIF SPC 2023d). Many residents were forced to evacuate their homes. On 16–17 November, Jamaica was impacted by a broad area of low pressure over the central Caribbean Sea to the southwest of the island. Sixteen roadways were impacted by the excessive rain, flood waters, and fallen rocks and trees; 22 people marooned in the parish of St. Thomas had to be rescued by the Jamaica Defence Force (CCRIF SPC 2023e). Table 7.1. Annual temperature extremes for 2023 at Caribbean weather stations contained in CAROGEN (https://carogen.cimh.edu.bb). Included are summary statistics for stations where the annual mean 2-m temperature ex- ceeded the 90th percentile for the reference period 1991–2020. Among the requirements for inclusion are 1) a complete record for 2023, 2) at least 80% of years between 1991 and 2020 being complete, and 3) a period of record spanning at least 30 years since 1971 or the start of station operations, whichever the more recent date may be. Shaded rows with a thermometer icon ( ) indicate stations registering their warmest years on record in 2023. Country Station Temperature (°C) Anomaly (°C) Number of years in data Rank Antigua and Barbuda VC Bird Airport, Antigua 30.1 0.4 53 5 The Bahamas Freeport, Grand Bahama 29.5 0.9 51 3 The Bahamas Lynden Pindling International Airport, New Providence 30.3 0.8 53 3 Barbados Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology 30.4 0.4 43 2 Cayman Islands Owen Roberts International Airport, Grand Cayman 31.7 1.2 48 1 Cuba Casa Blanca, Havana 30.9 1.4 53 2 Cuba National Airport of Camagüey 31.5 1.0 53 2 Cuba Punta de Maisi 30.9 0.8 53 3 Dominica Canefield Airport 32.4 1.2 39 1 Grenada Maurice Bishop International Airport 30.9 0.4 39 3 Jamaica Norman Manley International Airport 32.4 0.5 31 1 Jamaica Sangster International Airport 32.9 1.3 50 1 Martinique Aimé Césaire International Airport 31.2 0.7 53 2 Puerto Rico Aibonito 26.5 1.0 38 5 Puerto Rico San Juan 31.0 0.6 53 6 St. Croix Henry E. Rohlsen Airport 31.5 1.0 52 4 Sint Maarten Princess Juliana International Airport 31.0 0.7 43 5