Turkish Journal of Botany Turkish Journal of Botany Volume 39 Number 3 Article 11 1-1-2015 Prosthechea tinukiana sp. nov. (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae): an Prosthechea tinukiana sp. nov. (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae): an update of the Prosthechea prismatocarpa complex update of the Prosthechea prismatocarpa complex DIEGO BOGARIN ADAM P. KARREMANS Follow this and additional works at: https://dctubitak.researchcommons.org/botany Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Recommended Citation BOGARIN, DIEGO and KARREMANS, ADAM P. (2015) "Prosthechea tinukiana sp. nov. (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae): an update of the Prosthechea prismatocarpa complex," Turkish Journal of Botany: Vol. 39: No. 3, Article 11. https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1408-38 Available at: https://dctubitak.researchcommons.org/botany/vol39/iss3/11 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by TÜBİTAK Academic Journals. It has been accepted for inclusion in Turkish Journal of Botany by an authorized editor of TÜBİTAK Academic Journals. https://dctubitak.researchcommons.org/botany https://dctubitak.researchcommons.org/botany/vol39 https://dctubitak.researchcommons.org/botany/vol39/iss3 https://dctubitak.researchcommons.org/botany/vol39/iss3/11 https://dctubitak.researchcommons.org/botany?utm_source=dctubitak.researchcommons.org%2Fbotany%2Fvol39%2Fiss3%2F11&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages http://network.bepress.com/hgg/discipline/104?utm_source=dctubitak.researchcommons.org%2Fbotany%2Fvol39%2Fiss3%2F11&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1408-38 https://dctubitak.researchcommons.org/botany/vol39/iss3/11?utm_source=dctubitak.researchcommons.org%2Fbotany%2Fvol39%2Fiss3%2F11&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages 499 http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/botany/ Turkish Journal of Botany Turk J Bot (2015) 39: 499-505 © TÜBİTAK doi:10.3906/bot-1408-38 Prosthechea tinukiana sp. nov. (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae): an update of the Prosthechea prismatocarpa complex Diego BOGARÍN1,2,*, Adam P. KARREMANS1,3 1Lankester Botanical Garden, University of Costa Rica, Cartago, Costa Rica 2Herbarium UCH, Autonomous University of Chiriquí, Chiriquí, Panama 3Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands * Correspondence: diego.bogarin@ucr.ac.cr 1. Introduction Prosthechea Knowles & Westc. comprises 24 species in Costa Rica and about 100 species ranging from Florida southward through Central America and the Antilles down to Argentina (Higgins, 2003; Withner and Harding, 2004; Mó et al., 2014). The genus was resurrected by Higgins (1998), who proposed a broad concept of Prosthechea, segregating it from the well-known genus Encyclia Hook. to embrace species variously treated at some point under the generic concepts of Anacheilium Rchb.f. ex Hoffmanns., Coelogyne Lindl., Epidendrum L., Epithecia Knowles & Westc., Hormidium Lindl. ex Heynh., and Microstylis (Nutt.) Eaton (Pupulin, 2004). In their treatment of Prosthechea, Withner and Harding (2004) proposed a separate genus with the name Panarica Withner & Harding for the species belonging to the Prosthechea prismatocarpa (Rchb.f.) W.E.Higgins complex. They based their characterization mainly on Pupulin (2002), who recognized the P. prismatocarpa complex by the pyriform, 2- to rarely 3-leaved pseudobulbs; the showy flowers produced on long, erect inflorescences; the usually 3-lobed lip (entire in P. brassavolae (Rchb.f.) W.E.Higgins) with the median lobe larger than the lateral lobes, acute to attenuate; and the column provided with large lateral teeth with a deep sinus and a median fimbriate tooth. With the exception of P. brassavolae, ranging from Oaxaca and Veracruz in Mexico to western Panama and its closely allied P. mulasii Soto Arenas & L.Cerv., from Guerrero, Mexico, the group is restricted to Costa Rica and western Panama. Panarica, as most other segregates of Prosthechea, has received little support as a distinct genus (Higgins, 2005; Pupulin and Karremans, 2007; Higgins, 2008; Karremans, 2009; Mó et al., 2014). Nonetheless, the species of the P. prismatocarpa complex form a natural and easily recognized group to which the species here described can be added. 2. Materials and methods This study was performed at the Lankester Botanical Garden (JBL), University of Costa Rica, and Cerro Tinuk at the Cordillera de Talamanca (9°17′29.1″N, 83°10′11.2″W). Living specimens were gathered, cultivated, and documented at JBL between 2012 and 2014. Georeferences for specimens were obtained using a Garmin eTrex Vista GPS, Google Earth Pro 6.1.0, and field observations. Ecological zones were estimated by using the Holdridge Life Zone System (Holdridge, 1967, 1987) and the ecological map of Costa Rica (Bolaños et al., 2005). Phenology data were recorded both in the field and for cultivated specimens. Individual plants were photographed, illustrated, and preserved as herbarium specimens and spirit specimens in formaldehyde: acetic acid: ethanol [FAA (53% ethanol, 37% water, Abstract: We describe and illustrate a new species of Prosthechea from Costa Rica. The species is similar to Prosthechea ionocentra, but it is easily distinguishable by its inflorescence originating from the penultimate mature pseudobulb; its purple spotted sepals and petals; the cordate, acute labellum; the disc with two longer, narrower keels; the stigmatic arms of the column, which are convergent and rounded; and the narrower stigma. Differences from other related species are given and discussed. Data on distribution, habitat and ecology, etymology, and phenology are provided. An updated key to the species of the Prosthechea prismatocarpa complex is presented. Key words: Costa Rica, Cerro Tinuk, Panarica, paramo, new species, Talamanca, taxonomy Received: 20.08.2014 Accepted: 21.11.2014 Published Online: 04.05.2015 Printed: 29.05.2015 Research Article BOGARÍN and KARREMANS / Turk J Bot 500 5% formaldehyde, and 5% glycerol)] (only including flowers) for future reference. Whenever possible, the herbarium specimens were complemented with sketches, photographs, and FAA material. The material preserved in FAA was deposited at JBL. Sketches and images were prepared from living specimens with a Leica MZ9.5 stereomicroscope with drawing tube, Nikon D5100 digital camera with AF-S VR Micro-NIKKOR 105mm f/2.8G IF-ED lens, and Epson Perfection Photo Scanner V600. Composite plates were diagrammed in Adobe Photoshop. Ink drawings were prepared on smooth Fabriano paper of 240 g/m2 with a Rotring Rapidograph 0.1 mm using black capillary cartridges and traced in Artograph LightPad A920. Descriptions were prepared both from living specimens and data taken in the field. 3. Results 3.1. Taxonomic treatment Prosthechea tinukiana Bogarín & Karremans, sp. nov. (Figures 1–5) Figure 1. Prosthechea tinukiana. A- Habit. B- Flower. C- Perianth, flattened. D- Column and lip, side view. E- Lip. F- Column, front and side views. G- Pollinarium and anther cap. Drawn from the holotype by L. Oses. BOGARÍN and KARREMANS / Turk J Bot 501 Figure 2. Lankester composite dissection plate (LCDP) of Prosthechea tinukiana. A- Habit. B- Flower. C- Perianth, flattened. D- Column and lip, side view. E- Lip. F- Column, front and side views. G- Pollinarium and anther cap. Photographs and scans from the holotype by D. Bogarín. BOGARÍN and KARREMANS / Turk J Bot 502 Figure 3. Comparison of flowers among the Costa Rican species of the P. prismatocarpa complex. A- P. neglecta (G. Villalobos s.n.). B- P. prismatocarpa (Z. Serracín s.n.). C- P. tardiflora (J.J. Zúñiga s.n.). D- P. tinukiana (D. Bogarín 9723). E- P. ionocentra (D. Bogarín 5213). F- P. brassavolae (JBL-03512). Scale bar = 3 cm. Figure 4. Comparison of labella among the Costa Rican species of the P. prismatocarpa complex. A- P. neglecta (G. Villalobos s.n.). B- P. prismatocarpa (Z. Serracín s.n.). C- P. tardiflora (J.J. Zúñiga s.n.). D- P. tinukiana (D. Bogarín 9723). E- P. ionocentra (D. Bogarín 5213). F- P. brassavolae (JBL-03512). Scale bar = 1 cm. Figure 5. Comparison of the ventral view of the column among the Costa Rican species of the P. prismatocarpa complex. A- P. neglecta (G. Villalobos s.n.). B- P. prismatocarpa (Z. Serracín s.n.). C- P. tardiflora (J.J. Zúñiga s.n.). D- P. tinukiana (D. Bogarín 9723). E- P. ionocentra (D. Bogarín 5213). F- P. brassavolae (JBL-03512). Scale bar = 1 cm. BOGARÍN and KARREMANS / Turk J Bot 503 Type: Costa Rica, Puntarenas: Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Olán, cumbre del Cerro Tinuk, 9°17′29.1″N, 83°10′11.2″W, 2412 m, bosque pluvial premontano, terrestre en bosque de páramo, 25.06.2012, D. Bogarín 9723, E. Herrera, D. Jiménez, A.P. Karremans & V.H. Zúñiga (holotype, JBL; isotypes, CR, USJ). Diagnosis: The species is similar to Prosthechea ionocentra (Rchb.f.) W.E.Higgins; it differs mainly in the inflorescence always developed from the penultimate mature pseudobulb; the purple spotted sepals and petals; the cordate and acute labellum; the disc with two longer, narrower keels; the convergent, rounded stigmatic arms of the column; and the narrower stigma. Description: Plant lithophytic or terrestrial, up to 40 cm tall, forming large groups of individuals, with elongate rhizome covered by papyraceous, brown bracts; the internodes to 4 cm long. Roots flexuous, glabrous, to 3 mm in diameter. Pseudobulbs pyriform, ovoid, laterally complanate, elongate, to 13.5–15.0 × 3.3–3.4 cm, 2-foliate at apex. Leaves separated by an internode to 2 cm long, oblong-elliptic, coriaceous, conduplicate, acute, retuse, narrowed to a conduplicate; subsessile, 18.8–20.0 × 5.0– 6.2 cm. Inflorescence terminal, racemose, emerging from a papery spathe to 11.2 cm long, developed from the apex of the penultimate mature pseudobulb, to 17 cm long including the peduncle, rachis 6 cm long, many-flowered (up to 9 flowers). Ovary prismatic, pedicellate, about 2.2 cm long including the pedicel. Flowers relatively large, to 7.5 cm in diameter, showy, with sepals and petals free, spreading, the margins reflexed, yellowish, finely spotted with dark purple, the lip basally white, with a rose-purple stain from the middle to the apex. Dorsal sepal oblong- elliptic, acute to acuminate, 3.8 × 0.4 cm. Lateral sepals oblong-elliptic, acute, subcarinate, 3.6 × 0.6 cm. Petals basally subfalcate, narrowly lanceolate, acute, 3.4 × 0.4 cm. Lip 3-lobed, shortly clawed, basally adnate to the column, 3.2 × 1.3 cm, the lateral lobes oblique, truncate, slightly reflexed; the midlobe cordate, concave, acute; disc with a callus formed by 2 fleshy keels converging near the middle and diverging at apex. Column stout, semiterete, 1.4 × 0.5 cm, with a pair of fleshy, lateral teeth, and a central, erose lobe above the anther. Anther incumbent, operculate, subspherical, 4-celled. Stigma ventral, cordate. Pollinia 4, waxy, fusiform, with linear caudicles. Distribution: Known only from the type locality on Cerro Tinuk in the Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica. Etymology: Named after Cerro Tinuk where the only known populations of this species were observed. Tinuk is probably an indigenous word, but we were unable to find its meaning. Ecology: Cerro Tinuk is located in front of the paramo of Cerros Utyum in the Cordillera de Talamanca. The slopes of the hill are covered by primary oak forest. At the summit and above the continuous timberline, there is a small plateau of isolated dwarf vegetation. Some common species on the top are shrubs of Budlejja nitida (Loganiaceae), Pernettya sp., Satyria sp., and Vaccinium spp. (Ericaceae), and herbs of Alchemilla spp. (Rosaceae), Castilleja sp. (Schrophulariaceae), Cortaderia sp. (Poaceae), Fuchsia spp. (Onagraceae), Gamochaeta sp. (Asteraceae), Hypericum spp. (Clusiaceae), Lycopodium sp. (Lycopodiaceae), Maianthemum gigas (Convallariaceae), and Nertera granadensis (Rubiaceae) and lichens among others. Interestingly, the paramo of Cerro Tinuk is located at a lower elevation (2458 m) with respect to most of the other paramos of Costa Rica, which lie mostly above 3000 m in elevation. Climatic characteristics and vegetation of this plateau have not been studied previously. We think that the origin of the dwarf vegetation at the summit of the hill is due to the influence of the eastern trade winds of the Caribbean, which pass the summit of Cerro Utyum and collide frontally with the summit of Cerro Tinuk. The location is exposed and very windy. The few isolated trees are bent by the action of strong winds. Plants of P. tinukiana are growing terrestrially, forming groups of several plants among the coarse vegetation on the summit of the hill. The population of P. tinukiana remains isolated from the surrounding hills where no other plants of this species were observed. No similar combination of particular conditions, vegetation, elevation, and climate are found on the surrounding mountain tops. Aside from plants of P. tinukiana, no other species of the P. prismatocarpa complex are known from this site. Populations of the related P. brassavolae are common in the oak forest below the summit of Cerro Tinuk, but they are absent in the paramo at the top of the slope. Phenology: Plants were observed in flower from May to June. Additional specimen examined: Puntarenas, Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Olán, cumbre del Cerro Tinuk, 9°17′29.1″N, 83°10′11.2″W, 2412 m, bosque pluvial premontano, terrestre en bosque de páramo, 25.06.2012, A.P. Karremans 5550, D. Bogarín, E. Herrera, D. Jiménez & V.H. Zúñiga (JBL). 4. Discussion The species is similar to Prosthechea ionocentra (Rchb.f.) W.E.Higgins; it differs mainly in the inflorescence that is developed from the penultimate mature pseudobulb (rather than developed from the youngest pseudobulb). Additionally, the purple spotted sepals and petals (rather than immaculate); the cordate, acute lip (rather than cordate-sagittate, acuminate) (Figures 3 and 4); the disc with two long, narrow keels (shorter, thickened); the stigmatic arms of the column, which are convergent, rounded (rather than parallel, acute); and the narrow BOGARÍN and KARREMANS / Turk J Bot 504 stigma (rather than wider) suggest that this is a completely different species (Figure 5; Table). It shares the “tardiflorous” condition of the inflorescence with P. brassavolae and P. tardiflora Mora-Ret. ex Pupulin. From P. brassavolae the new species can be distinguished by the presence of two lateral lobes of the lip (rather than without the basal lobules) and the spotted sepals and petals (rather than immaculate) (Figure 3). From P. tardiflora it is readily distinguished by the elongate rhizome and the cordate lip of more than 3 cm long (rather than the short, congested rhizome and the obovate-subpandurate lip of less than 2 cm long) (Figure 4; Table). The other related species, P. prismatocarpa and P. neglecta Pupulin, have a similar floral architecture, but they differ in the smaller flowers with tepals less than 2 cm long (vs. more than 3.5 cm long); the triangular, narrower midlobe of the lip to 0.9 cm (vs. cordate, wider to 1.2 cm); the sepals and petals mostly stained with purple blotches (vs. sparsely purple freckles) (Figure 3); and the shorter column, 0.9–1.0 cm long (vs. 1.4 cm long) (Figure 5; Table). The following key of the P. prismatocarpa group was modified from Pupulin (2002) to include the species described herein: Key to the species of the Prosthechea prismatocarpa group (= Panarica) 1. Lip entire, without basal lobules 2. Pseudobulbs elongate, pyriform to lanceolate, lip lanceolate-ovate, subcordate ………..….. P. brassavolae 2. Pseudobulbs shortened, ovoid, lip triangular and basally truncate……................…………...…..P. mulasii 1. Lip 3-lobed, with 2 small lobules at the base 3. Sepals and petals immaculate……............P. ionocentra 3. Sepals and petals spotted or blotched 4. Inflorescence developed from the pseudobulb of the previous year 5. Rhizome elongated, lip >3 cm long; midlobe cordate… ……….............................................………...P. tinukiana 5. Rhizome short, lip <2 cm long; midlobe obovate- subpandurate…..................................……...P. tardiflora 4. Inflorescence developed from the new pseudobulb 6. Sepals adaxially papillate; ovary swollen; inflorescence lax……...............................................…...……P. neglecta 6. Sepals adaxially glabrous; ovary clavate; inflorescence dense…...............................................…P. prismatocarpa Table. Comparison among the species of the P. prismatocarpa complex. Character P. brassavolae P. ionocentra P. mulasii P. neglecta P. prismatocarpa P. tardiflora P. tinukiana Internode rhizome length (mm) 20–45 20–40 20 to 50 20–40 < 20 40 Pseudobulb shape Ovoid to pyriform Ovoid to pyriform Ovoid Narrowly ovoid Pyriform to narrowly ovoid Ovoid to lanceolate-pyriform Ovoid to pyriform Leaf length (cm) 15–26 10–20 14.0–25.5 26–32 13–32 19–35 18.8–20.0 Leaf width (cm) 3.0–4.5 2.6–5.0 14.0–25.5 1.8–4.6 2.5–5.2 3.6–5.0 5.0–6.2 Inflorescence Developed from the new mature pseudobulb Developed from the new mature pseudobulb Developed from the previous mature pseudobulb Developed from the new mature pseudobulb Developed from the new mature pseudobulb Developed from the previous mature pseudobulb Developed from the previous mature pseudobulb Inflorescence length (cm) 13–40 25–35 to 28 To 33 15–45 26–35 To 17 Sepal length (mm) 35–55 35–41 27–37 19 25–31 18–23 36–38 Color of sepals and petals Immaculate Immaculate Immaculate Blotched or maculated Blotched or maculated Blotched or maculated Freckled or spotted Labellum shape Unlobed 3-lobed Unlobed 3-lobed 3-lobed 3-lobed 3-lobed Labellum length (mm) 25–30 26–33 40–61 15 20–25 16–19 32 Column length (mm) 15 13 13–15 9–10 9–10 9–10.0 14 Blooming season January–August May–August August (mainly) March–June April–August January–March May–June Elevation (m a.s.l.) 1100–2700 900–1600 1850 1900–2800 1500–2400 200–600 2400 Distribution Mexico–western Panama Costa Rica– Panama Mexico Costa Rica Costa Rica– western Panama Costa Rica Costa Rica BOGARÍN and KARREMANS / Turk J Bot 505 Acknowledgments We are very grateful to Franco Pupulin, Eric Hágsater, and Carlos Leopardi, who made valuable suggestions to this manuscript. Victor Hugo Zúñiga and Erick Herrera were kind enough to lead the expedition to the Tinuk and Daniel Jiménez helped with field logistics and accompanied the trip. Many thanks to Lizbeth Oses for kindly inking the illustration. We are thankful to the Costa Rican Ministry of Environment and Energy (MINAE) and its National System of Conservation Areas (SINAC) for issuing the Scientific Passports under which wild specimens treated in this study were collected. We are in debt to the Vice- Presidency of Research of the University of Costa Rica for providing support through the project “Filogenia molecular de las especies de Orchidaceae endémicas de Costa Rica” (814-B1-239). References Bolaños R, Watson V, Tosi J (2005). Mapa ecológico de Costa Rica (Zonas de Vida), según el sistema de clasificación de zonas de vida del mundo de L.R. Holdridge. Scale 1:750 000. San Jose, Costa Rica: Centro Científico Tropical (in Spanish). Higgins WE (1998). 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