B u lletin o f th e A m erican M eteo ro lo g ical S o ciety Ju ly 2014 Vo l. 95 N o . 7 S u p p lem en t Special Supplement to the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Vol. 95, No. 7, July 2014 STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2013 Libraries: Please file with the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 95, Issue 7 Editors Jessica Blunden Derek S. Arndt Ted A. Scambos Wassila M. Thiaw Peter W. Thorne Scott J. Weaver Kate M. Willett Howard J. Diamond A. Johannes Dolman Ryan L. Fogt Margarita C. Gregg Dale F. Hurst Martin O. Jeffries Michele L. Newlin Jared Rennie James A. Renwick Jacqueline A. Richter-Menge Ahira Sánchez-Lugo Chapter Editors AmericAn meteorologicAl Society Technical Editor Mara Sprain STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2013 How to cite this document: Citing the complete report: Blunden, J., and D. S. Arndt, Eds., 2014: State of the Climate in 2013. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 95 (7), S1–S257. Citing a chapter (example): Willett, K. M., A. J. Dolman, D. F. Hurst, J. Rennie, and P. W. Thorne, Eds., 2014: Global climate [in “State of the Climate in 2013”]. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 95 (7), S5–S49. Citing a section (example): Willett, K. M., A. Simmons, and D. Berry, 2014: [Global climate] Surface humidity [in “State of the Climate in 2013”]. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 95 (7), S19–S20. Cover Credits: Front: dan Kitwood/Getty imaGes — Leyte, Philippines - November 21, 2013. BaCK: noaa environmental visualization laBoratory — Super Typhoon Haiyan - Suomi NPP (National Polar-orbiting Partner- ship) -VIIRS SiJULY 2014STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2013 | EDITOR & AUTHOR AFFILIATIONS (alphaBetiCal By name) Aaron-Morrison, Arlene P., Trinidad & Tobago Meteoro- logical Service, Piarco, Trinidad Ackerman, Steven A., CIMSS, University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, WI Albanil, Adelina, National Meteorological Service of Mexico, Mexico Alfaro, Eric J., Center for Geophysical Research and School of Physics, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica Allan, Rob, Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom Alves, Lincoln M., Centro de Ciencias do Sistema Terrestre (CCST), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Cachoeira Paulista, Sao Paulo, Brazil Amador, Jorge A., Center for Geophysical Research and School of Physics, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica Ambenje, Peter, Kenya Meteorological Department (KMD), Nairobi, Kenya Anderson, L., Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden Andreassen, L. M., Section for Glaciers, Snow and Ice, Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate, Oslo, Norway Antonov, John, NOAA/NESDIS National Oceanographic Data Center, Silver Spring, MD; and University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO Arendt, A., Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fair- banks, Fairbanks, AK Arévalo, Juan, Instituto Nacional de Meteorología e Hi- drología de Venezuela (INAMEH), Caracas, Venezuela Arndt, Derek S., NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC Ashik, I., Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St. Peters- burg, Russia Atheru, Zachary, IGAD Climate Prediction and Applications Cetnre (ICPAC), Nairobi, Kenya Augustine, John, NOAA/OAR Earth System Research Labo- ratory, Boulder, CO Baklanov, A., Research Department, World Meteorological Organization, Geneva, Switzerland Banzon, Viva, NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Cen- ter, Asheville, NC Baringer, Molly O., NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, FL Barreira, Sandra, Argentine Naval Hydrographic Service, Buenos Aires, Argentina Barriopedro, David, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Geociencias, Madrid, Spain Baxter, Stephen, NOAA/NWS Climate Prediction Center, College Park, MD Bazo, Juan, Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología de Perú (SENAMHI), Lima, Perú Becker, Andreas, Global Precipitation Climatology Centre, Deutscher Wetterdienst, Offenbach, Germany Behrenfeld, Michael J., Oregon State University, Corval- lis, OR Bell, Gerald D., NOAA/NWS Climate Prediction Center, College Park, MD Benedetti, Angela, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, United Kingdom Bernhard, Germar, Biospherical Instruments, San Diego, CA Berrisford, Paul, NCAS Climate, European Centre for Me- dium-Range Weather Forcasts, Reading, United Kingdom Berry, David I., National Oceanography Centre, Southamp- ton, United Kingdom Bhatt, U. S., Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK Bidegain, Mario, Instituto Uruguayo de Meteorologia, Montevideo, Uruguay Bindoff, Nathan, Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Coop- erative Research Centre, Hobart, Australia; and CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Laboratories, Hobart, Australia Bissolli, Peter, Deutscher Wetterdienst, WMO RA VI Regional Climate Centre Network, Offenbach, Germany Blake, Eric S., NOAA/NWS National Hurricane Center, Miami, FL Blenman, Rosalind C., Barbados Meteorological Services, Christ Church, Barbados Blunden, Jessica, ERT, Inc., NOAA/NESDIS National Cli- matic Data Center, Asheville, NC Bosilovich, Michael, Global Modelling and Assimilation Of- fice, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD Box, J. E., Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark Boyer, Tim, NOAA/NESDIS National Oceanographic Data Center, Silver Spring, MD Braathen, Geir O., WMO Atmospheric Environment Re- search Division, Geneva, Switzerland Bromwich, David H., Byrd Polar Research Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH Brown, Glenroy, Meteorological Service, Jamaica, Kingston, Jamaica Brown, L. C., Climate Research Division, Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Brown, R., Climate Research Division, Environment Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada Bruhwiler, Lori, NOAA/OAR, Earth System Research Labo- ratory, Global Monitoring Division, Boulder, CO Bulygina, Olga N., Russian Institute for Hydrometeorological Information, Obninsk, Russia Burgess, D., Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Butler, Mary, Department of Meteorology, Nassau, Bahamas Calderón, Blanca, Center for Geophysical Research, Uni- versity of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica Camargo, Suzana J., Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY Campbell, Garret G., National Snow and Ice Data Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO Campbell, Jayaka D., Department of Physics, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica Sii JULY 2014| Cappelen, John, Danish Meteorological Institute, Copen- hagen, Denmark Carrasco, Gualberto, Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología de Bolivia (SENAMHI), La Paz, Bolivia Chambers, Don P., College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL Chang’a, L., Tanzania Meteorological Agency, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Chappell, Petra R., National Institute of Water and Atmo- spheric Research, Ltd., Auckland New Zealand Christiansen, Hanne H., Geology Department, Univer- sity Centre in Svalbard, UNIS, Norway; and Center for Permafrost, CENPERM, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Denmark Christy, John R., University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL Chung, D., Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria Ciais, Phillipe, LCSE, Gif sur l’Yvette, France Clem, Kyle R., Department of Geography, Ohio University, Athens, OH Coelho, Caio A. S., CPTEC/INPE Center for Weather Forecasts and Climate Studies, Cachoeira Paulista, Brazil Coldewey-Egbers, Melanie, DLR (German Aerospace Center) Oberpfaffenhofen, Wessling, Germany Colwell, Steve, British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, United Kingdom Cooper, Owen R., Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO; and NOAA/OAR Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO Coulibaly, K. Alama, National Meteorological Service / SODEXAM, Abidjan, Côte D’Ivoire Cox, C., Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO Cross, J. N., NOAA/OAR Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, WA; and Ocean Acidification Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK Crouch, Jake, NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Cen- ter, Asheville, NC Cunningham, Stuart A., Scottish Marine Institute Oban, Argyll, United Kingdom Dahlback, A., Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Norway Davis, Sean M., Cooperative Institute for Research in En- vironmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO; and NOAA/OAR Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO de Jeu, Rochard A. M., Department of Earth Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands Dekaa, Francis S., Nigerian Meteorological Agency, Abuja, Nigeria Derksen, Chris, Climate Research Division, Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Diamond, Howard J., NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Center, Silver Spring, MD Dlugokencky, Ed J., NOAA/OAR Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO Dohan, Kathleen, Earth and Space Research, Seattle, WA Dolman, A. Johannes, Department of Earth Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands Domingues, Catia M., Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre, Hobart, Australia Donat, Markus, Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia Dong, Shenfu, NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, FL; and Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, FL Dorigo, Wouter A., Vienna University of Technology, Vi- enna, Austria Drozdov, D. S., Earth Cryosphere Institute, Tyumen, Russia Duguay, Claude, Interdisciplinary Centre on Climate Change and Department of Geography & Environmental Manage- ment, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Dunn, Robert J. H., Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom Durán-Quesada, Ana M., Center for Geophysical Research and School of Physics, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica Dutton, Geoff S., Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO; and NOAA/OAR Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO Ebrahim, Awatif, Egyptian Meteorological Authority, Cairo, Egypt Elkins, James W., NOAA/OAR Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO Espinoza, Jhan C., Instituto Geofisico del Peru, Lima, Peru Euscátegui, Christian, Instituto de Hidrología de Me- teorología y Estudios Ambientales de Colombia (IDEAM), Bogotá, Colombia Evans, W., NOAA/OAR Pacif ic Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, WA; and Ocean Acidification Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK Evans III, Thomas E., NOAA/NWS Central Pacific Hur- ricane Center, Honolulu, HI Famigliette, James S., Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA Fauchereau, Nicolas C., National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand; and Oceanography Department, University of Cape Town, Rondebosh, South Africa Feely, Richard A., NOAA/OAR Pacific Marine Environmen- tal Laboratory, Seattle, WA Fenimore, Chris, NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC Fettweis, X., Department of Geography, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium Fioletov, Vitali E., Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Flanner, M. G., Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI SiiiJULY 2014STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2013 | Flemming, Johannes, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, United Kingdom Fogarty, Chris T., Environment Canada, Canadian Hurricane Centre, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada Fogt, Ryan L., Department of Geography, Ohio University, Athens, OH Folland, Chris K., Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom and Department of Earth Sciences, Gothenburg University, Sweden Foster, Michael J., CIMSS University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI Frajka-Williams, Eleanor, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom Francis, Jennifer, Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, NJ Franz, Bryan A., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD Frith, Stacey M., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD Frolov, I., Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St. Pe- tersburg, Russia Ganter, Catherine, Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Australia Garzoli, Silvia, NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, FL; and Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, FL Geai, M-L., Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Gerland, S., Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway Gitau, Wilson, Department of Meteorology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya Gleason, Karin L., NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC Gobron, Nadine, European Commission Joint Research Centre, ISPRA, Italy Goldenberg, Stanley B., NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceano- graphic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, FL Goni, Gustavo, NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, FL Gonzalez, Idelmis T., Climate Center, Institute of Meteorol- ogy of Cuba, Cuba Good, Simon A., Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom Gottschalck, Jonathan, NOAA/NWS Climate Prediction Center, College Park, MD Gregg, Margarita C., NOAA/NESDIS National Oceano- graphic Data Center, Silver Spring, MD Grooß, Jnes-Uwe, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Ger- many Guard, Charles P. “Chip”, NOAA/NWS Weather Forecast Office, Guam Gugliemin, Mauro, Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, Insubria University, Varese, Italy Gupta, Shashi K., Science Systems Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA Ha, H. K., Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, Republic of Korea Hahn, S., Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria Hall, Bradley D., NOAA/OAR Earth System Research Labo- ratory, Boulder, CO Halpert, Michael S., NOAA/NWS Climate Prediction Center, College Park, MD Hamlington, Ben, Colorado Center for Astrodynamics Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO Hanna, E., Department of Geography, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom Hanssen-Bauer, I., Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Blindern, Oslo, Norway Harada, Yayoi, Climate Prediction Division, Japan Meteoro- logical Agnecy, Tokyo, Japan Haran, Terry, National Snow and Ice Data Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO Heidinger, Andrew K., NOAA/NESDIS University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI Heikkilä, Anu, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland Heim, Jr., Richard R., NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC Hendricks, S., Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven, Germany Herber, A., Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven, Ger- many Hidalgo, Hugo G., Center for Geophysical Research and School of Physics, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica Hilburn, Kyle, Remote Sensing Systems, Santa Rosa, CA Ho, Shu-oeng (Ben), UCAR COSMIC, Boulder, CO Hobbs, Will R., ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia Hovhannisyan, Diana, Armenian State Hydrometeorological and Monitoring Service, Yerevan, Armenia Hu, Zeng-Zhen, NOAA/NWS Climate Prediction Center, College Park, MD Hurst, Dale F., Cooperative Institute for Research in En- vironmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO; and NOAA/OAR Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO Ingvaldsen, R., Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway Inness, Antje, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, United Kingdom James, I. A., Nigerian Meteorological Agency, Abuja, Nigeria Jeffries, Martin O., Office of Naval Research, Arlington, VA; and, prior to 24 March 2014, U.S. Arctic Research Com- mission, Arlington, VA and University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK Jensen, T. S., Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark Jin, Xiangze, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA Johns, William E., Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmo- spheric Science, Miami, FL Siv JULY 2014| Johnsen, Bjorn, Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Østerås, Norway Johnson, Bryan, NOAA/OAR Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO; and University of Colorado, Boulder, CO Johnson, Gregory C., NOAA/OAR Pacific Marine Environ- mental Laboratory, Seattle, WA Jones, Luke T., European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, United Kingdom Jumaux, Guillaume, Météo France, Réunion Kabidi, Khadija, Direction de la Météorologie Nationale Maroc, Rabat, Morocco Kaiser, Johannes W., Kings College London, London, United Kingdom; European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, United Kingdom; and Max-Planck In- stitute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany Kang, Kyun-Kuk, Interdisciplinary Centre on Climate Change and Department of Geography & Environmental Manage- ment, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Kanzow, Torsten O., Helmholtz-Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR), Kiel, Germany Kao, Hsun-Ying, Earth & Space Research, Seattle, WA Keller, Linda M., Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI Kendon, Michael, Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom Kennedy, John J., Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom Key, Jeff, NOAA/NESDIS Center for Satellite Applications and Research, Madison, WI Khatiwala, Samar, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia Unisversity, Palisades, NY Kheyrollah Pour, H., Interdisciplinary Centre on Climate Change and Department of Geography & Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Kholodov, A. L., Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK Khoshkam, Mahbobeh, Islamic Republic of Iranian Meteo- rological Organization (IRIMO), Iran Kijazi, Agnes, Tanzania Meteorological Agency, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Kikuchi, T., Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan Kim, B.-M., Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, Republic of Korea Kim, Hyuanjun, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Kim, S.-J., Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, Republic of Korea Kim, T. W., Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, Republic of Korea Kimberlain, Todd B., NOAA/NWS National Hurricane Center, Miami, FL Klotzbach, Philip, Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO Knaff, John A., NOAA/NESDIS Center for Satellite Applica- tions and Research, Fort Collins, CO Kohler, J., Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø, Norway Korshunova, Natalia N., All-Russian Research Institute of Hydrometeorological Information - World Data Center, Obninsk, Russia Koskela, Tapani, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland Kramarova, Natalya, Science Systems and Applications, Inc., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD Kratz, David P., NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA Krishfield, R., Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA Kruger, Andries, South African Weather Service, Pretoria, South Africa Kruk, Michael C., ERT Inc., NOAA/NESDIS National Cli- matic Data Center, Asheville, NC Kumar, Arun, NOAA/NWS Climate Prediction Center, College Park, MD Kupiainen, K., Finnish Environment Institute, Helsinki, Finland Lagerloef, Gary S. E., Earth & Space Research, Seattle, WA Lakkala, Kaisa, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Arctic Research Centre, Sodankylä, Finland Lander, Mark A., University of Guam, Mangilao, Guam Landsea, Chris W., NOAA/NWS National Hurricane Center, Miami, FL Lankhorst, Matthias, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA Lantz, Kathy O., Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO; and NOAA/OAR Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO Laurila, T., Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland Law, K. S., LATMOS-IPSL, UPMC University of Paris, Paris, France Lazzara, Matthew A., Space Science and Engineering Cen- ter, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI Leuliette, Eric, NOAA/NESDIS Laboratory for Satellite Altimetry, Silver Spring, MD Levira, Pamela, Tanzania Meteorological Agency, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania L’Heureux, Michelle, NOAA/NWS Climate Prediction Center, College Park, MD Lieser, Jan, Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre (ACE CRC), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia Lin, I-I, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan Liu, Hongxing, Department of Geography, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH Liu, Y. Y., University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia Liu, Yinghui, Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satel- lite Studies, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI Lobato-Sánchez, Rene, National Meteorological Service of Mexico, Mexico SvJULY 2014STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2013 | Locarnini, Ricardo, NOAA/NESDIS National Oceano- graphic Data Center, Silver Spring, MD Loeb, Norman G., NASA Langley Research Center, Hamp- ton VA Loeng, H., Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway Long, Craig S., NOAA/NWS National Center for Environ- mental Prediction, College Park, MD Lorrey, Andrew M., National Institute of Water and Atmo- spheric Research, Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand Loyola, Diego, DLR (German Aerospace Center) Oberp- faffenhofen, Wessling, Germany Luhunga, P., Tanzania Meteorological Agency, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Lumpkin, Rick, NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, FL Luo, Jing-Jia, Centre for Australian Weather and Climate Research, Melbourne, Australia Luojus, K., Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland Lyman, John M., NOAA/OAR Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, WA; and Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI Macara, Gregor R., National Institute of Water and Atmo- spheric Research, Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand Maddux, Brent C., AOS/CIMSS University of Wisconsin- Madison, Madison, WI Malkova, G. V., Earth Cryosphere Institute, Tyumen, Russia Manney, Gloria, NorthWest Research Associates, Socorro, NM; and New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, Socorro, NM Marcellin-Honore’, Vernie, Dominica Meteorological Service, Dominica Marchenko, S. S., Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK Marengo, José A., Centro de Ciencias do Sistema Terrestre (CCST), Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), Cachoeira Paulista, Sao Paulo, Brazil Marotzke, Jochem, Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie, Hamburg, Germany Marra, John J., NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Center, Honolulu, HI Martínez-Güingla, Rodney, Centro Internacional para la Investigación del Fenómeno El Niño (CIIFEN), Guayaquil, Ecuador Massom, Robert A., Australian Antarctic Division and Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre (ACE CRC), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas- mania, Australia Mathis, Jeremy T., NOAA/OAR Pacific Marine Environ- mental Laboratory, Seattle, WA; and Ocean Acidification Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK McBride, Charlotte, South African Weather Service, Pre- toria, South Africa McCarthy, Gerard, National Oceanography Centre, South- ampton, United Kingdom McGree, Simon, Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Mel- bourne, Australia McInnes, Kathleen, Centre for Australian Climate and Weather Research, Australia McLean, Natalie, Department of Physics, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica McVicar, Tim, CSIRO Land and Water, Canberra, Australia Mears, Carl A., Remote Sensing Systems, Santa Rosa, CA Meier, W., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD Meinen, Christopher S., NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceano- graphic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, FL Menéndez, Melisa, Environmental Hydraulic Institute, Uni- versidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain Merrifield, Mark A., Joint Institute Marine and Atmospheric Research, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI Mitchum, Gary T., College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL Montzka, Stephen A., NOAA/OAR Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO Morcrette, Jean-Jacques, European Centre for Medium- Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, United Kingdom Mote, Thomas, Department of Geography, University of Georgia, Athens, GA Mühle, Jens, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA Mullan, A. Brett, National Institute of Water and Atmo- spheric Research, Ltd., Wellington, New Zealand Müller, Rolf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany Nash, Eric R., Science Systems and Applications, Inc., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD Nerem, R. Steven, Colorado Center for Astrodynamics Research, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO Newlin, Michele L., NOAA/NESDIS National Oceano- graphic Data Center, Silver Spring, MD Newman, Paul A., Laboratory for Atmospheres, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD Ng’ongolo, H., Tanzania Meteorological Agency, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Nicolaus, M., Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven, Germany Nieto, Juan J., Centro Internacional para la Investigación del Fenómeno El Niño (CIIFEN), Guayaquil, Ecuador Nishino, S., Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan Nitsche, Helga, Climate Monitoring Satellite Application Facility, Deutscher Wetterdienst, Offenbach, Germany Noetzli, Jeannette, Deptartment of Geography, University of Zurich, Switzerland Oberman, N. G., MIRECO Mining Company, Syktyvkar, Russia Obregón, Andre, Deutscher Wetterdienst, WMO RA VI Regional Climate Centre Network, Offenbach, Germany Ogallo, Laban A., IGAD Climate Prediction and Applications Cetnre (ICPAC), Nairobi, Kenya Svi JULY 2014| Ohno, Hiroshi, Tokyo Climate Center, Climate Prediction Division, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan Oki, Taikan, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Oludhe, Christopher S., Department of Meteorology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya Overland, James, NOAA/OAR Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, WA Oyunjargal, Lamjav, Institute of Meteorology and Hydrol- ogy, National Agency for Meteorology, Hydrology and Environmental Monitoring, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia Parinussa, Robert M., Department of Earth Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands Park, E-Hyung, Korea Meteorological Administration, Re- public of Korea Parker, David, Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom Pasch, Richard J., NOAA/NWS National Hurricane Center, Miami, FL Pascual-Ramirez, Reynaldo, National Meteorological Service of Mexico, Mexico Paulik, C., Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria Pelto, Mauri S., Nichols College, Dudley, MA Penalba, Olga C., Departamento Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina Peng, Liang, UCAR COSMIC, Boulder, CO Perovich, Don, ERDC - Cold Regions Research and Engi- neering Laboratory, Hanover, NH; and Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH Pezza, Alexandre B., Melbourne University, Melbourne, Australia Phillips, David, Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Pickart, R., Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA Pinty, Bernard, JRC, European Comission, Brussels, Belgium Pitts, Michael C., NASA Langley Research Center, Hamp- ton, VA Polyakov, I., International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK Pope, Allen, National Snow and Ice Data Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO Porter, Avalon O., Cayman Islands National Weather Ser- vice, Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands Quegan, Shaun, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom Quinn, P. K., NOAA/OAR Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, WA Rabe, B., Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven, Germany Rahimzadeh, Fatemeh, Atmospheric Science and Meteo- rological Research Center, Tehran, Iran Rajeevan, Madhavan, National Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Gadanki, India Rakotomavo, Zo, Direction Générale de la Météorologie, Antananarivo, Madagascar Rayner, Darren, National Oceanography Centre, Southamp- ton, United Kingdom Rayner, Nick A., Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom Razuvaev, Vyacheslav N., All-Russian Research Institute of Hydrometeorological Information, Obninsk, Russia Ready, Steve, New Zealand Meteorological Service, Ltd., Wellington, New Zealand Reagan, James, NOAA/NESDIS National Oceanographic Data Center, Silver Spring, MD Reid, Phillip, Australian Bureau of Meteorology and CAWRC, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia Reimer, C., Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria Rémy, Samuel, European Centre for Medium-Range Weath- er Forecasts, Reading, United Kingdom Rennermalm, A. K., Department of Geography, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ Rennie, Jared, Cooperative Institute for Climate and Satel- lites, NC State University, Asheville, NC Renwick, James A., Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand Revadekar, Jayashree V., Indian Institute of Tropical Me- teorology, Pune, India Richter-Menge, Jacqueline, ERDC - Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH; and Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH Rivera, Ingrid L., Center for Geophysical Research, Univer- sity of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica Robinson, David A., Department of Geography, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ Rodell, Matthew, Hydrological Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD Romanovsky, Vladimir E., Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK Ronchail, Josyane, University of Paris, Paris, France Rosenlof, Karen H., NOAA/OAR Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO Sabine, Christopher L., NOAA/OAR Pacific Marine Envi- ronmental Laboratory, Seattle, WA Sánchez-Lugo, Ahira, NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC Santee, Michelle L., NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA Santoro, M., Gamma Remote Sensing, Gümligen, Switzerland Sawaengphokhai, P., Science Systems Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA Sayouri, Amal, Direction de la Météorologie Nationale Maroc, Rabat, Morocco Scambos, Ted A., National Snow and Ice Data Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO Schauer, U., Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven, Ger- many Schemm, Jae, NOAA/NWS Climate Prediction Center, College Park, MD Schlosser, P., Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Co- lumbia University, Palisades, NY Schmale, J., Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies, Potsdam, Germany SviiJULY 2014STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2013 | Schmid, Claudia, NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, FL Schreck, Carl J., Cooperative Institute for Climate and Satellites, North Carolina State University, Asheville, NC Send, Uwe, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA Sensoy, Serhat, Turkish State Meteorological Service, Ka- laba, Ankara, Turkey Setzer, Alberto, National Institute for Space Research, São Jose dos Compos-SP, Brazil Sharma, S., Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Sharp, Martin, Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sci- ence, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Shiklomanov, Nicolai I., Department of Geography, George Washington University, Washington, DC Shu, Song, Department of Geography, University of Cincin- nati, Cincinnati, OH Siegel, David A., University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA Sima, Fatou, Division of Meteorology, Department of Water Resources, Banjul, The Gambia Simmons, Adrian, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forcasts, Reading, United Kingdom Smeed, David A., National Oceanography Centre, South- ampton, United Kingdom Smethie, W. M., Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY Smith, Cathy, NOAA/OAR Earth System Research Labora- tory, Boulder CO; and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, CO Smith, L. C., Department of Geography, University of Cali- fornia Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA Smith, Sharon L., Geological Survey of Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Smith, Thomas M., NOAA/NESDIS Center for Satellite Ap- plications and Research, College Park, MD; and Cooperative Institute for Climate and Satellites, University of Maryland, College Park, MD Sokolov, V., Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia Spence, Jacqueline M., Meteorological Service, Jamaica, Kingston, Jamaica Srivastava, A. K., India Meteorological Department, Pune, India Stackhouse Jr., Paul W., NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA Stammerjohn, Sharon, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Re- search, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO Steele, M., Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Wash- ington, Seattle, WA Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Deutscher Wetterdienst, Hohen- peissenberg, Germany Stella, Jose L., Servicio Meteorologico Nacional, Argentina Stengel, M., Deutscher Wetterdienst, Offenbach, Germany Stephenson, Tannecia S., Department of Physics, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica Stohl, A., NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway Stone, R., NOAA/OAR Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO; and Cooperative Institute for Research in En- vironmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO Streletskiy, D. A., Department of Geography, George Washington University, Washington, DC Svendby, T., Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway Sweet, William, NOAA/NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services, Silver Spring, MD Takahashi, Taro, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia Unisversity, Palisades, NY Tanaka, Shotaro, Tokyo Climate Center, Climate Prediction Division, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan Tang, Q., Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Re- sources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China Taylor, Michael A., Department of Physics, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica Tedesco, Marco, National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA; and City College of New York, New York, NY Thiaw, Wassila M., NOAA/NWS Climate Prediction Center, College Park, MD Thompson, Philip, Joint Institute Marine and Atmospheric Research, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI Thorne, Peter W., Nansen Environmental and Remote Sens- ing Center, Bergen, Norway Timmermans, Mary-Louise, Yale University, New Haven, CT Tobin, Isabelle, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement (LSCE), CEA-CNR-UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France Tobin, Skie, Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Australia Toole, J., Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA Trachte, Katja, Laboratory for Climatology and Remote Sensing, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany Trewin, Blair C., Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Mel- bourne, Australia Trigo, Ricardo, Instituto Dom Luiz, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, Lisboa, Portugal Trotman, Adrian R., Caribbean Institute for Meteorology and Hydrology, Bridgetown, Barbados Tschudi, M., Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO van de Wal, Roderik S. W., Institute for Marine and Atmo- spheric Research Utrecht, Utrecht University, Netherlands van der A, Ronald J., KNMI (Royal Netherlands Meteoro- logical Institute), DeBilt, Netherlands van der Werf, Guido R., Department of Earth Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands Vautard, Robert, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement (LSCE), CEA-CNR-UVSQ, Gif-sur- Yvette, France Sviii JULY 2014| Vavrus, S., Center for Climatic Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI Vazquez, J. L., National Meteorological Service of Mexico, Mexico Vega, Carla, Center for Geophysical Research, University of Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica Vestreng, V., Norwegian Pollution Control Authority, Oslo, Norway Vincent, Lucie A., Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Volkov, Denis, NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, FL; and Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, FL von Salzen, K., Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada Vose, Russell S., NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC Wagner, Wolfgang W., Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria Wahr, John, Department of Physics and CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO Walden, V., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineer- ing, Washington State University, Pullman, WA Walsh, J., International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK Wang, Bin, University of Hawaii, SOEST, Department of Meteorology, and IPRC, Honolulu, HI Wang, Chunzai, NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, FL Wang, Guojie, College of Hydrometeorology, Nanjing Uni- versity of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China Wang, Junhong, State University of New York, Albany, NY Wang, Lei, Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA Wang, M., Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmo- sphere and Ocean , Un iver s i t y o f Wash ing ton , Seattle, WA Wang, Sheng-Hung, Byrd Polar Research Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH Wang, Shujie, Department of Geography, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH Wanninkhof, Rik, NOAA/OAR Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, FL Weaver, Scott J., NOAA/NWS Climate Prediction Center, College Park, MD Weber, Mark, Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany Werdell, P. Jeremy, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD Whitewood, Robert, Environment Canada, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Wilber, Anne C., Science Systems Applications, Inc., Hamp- ton, VA Wild, Jeannette D., Innovim, NOAA/NWS Climate Predic- tion Center, College Park, MD Willett, Kate M., Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom Williams, W., Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada Willis, Joshua K., Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA Wolken, G., Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, Fairbanks, AK Wong, Takmeng, NASA Langley Research Center, Hamp- ton, VA Woodgate, R., Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA Worthy, D., Environment Canada, Climate Research Division, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Wouters, B., University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO Xue, Yan, NOAA/NWS Climate Prediction Center, College Park, MD Yamada, Ryuji, Tokyo Climate Center, Climate Prediction Division, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan Yamamoto-Kawai, M., Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan Yin, Xungang, ERT Inc., NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC Yoshimatsu, Kazuyoshi, Tokyo Climate Center, Climate Prediction Division, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan Yu, Lisan, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA Zambrano, Eduardo, Centro Internacional para la Investig- ación del Fenómeno El Niño (CIIFEN), Guayaquil, Ecuador Zhang, Peiqun, Beijing Climate Center, Beijing, China Zhao, Lin, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engi- neering Research Institute, Lanzhou, China Ziemke, Jerry, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Green- belt, MD Zimmermann, S., Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada EDITORIAL AND PRODUCTION TEAM Love-Brotak, S. Elizabeth, Graphics Production, NOAA/ NESDIS National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC Sprain, Mara, Technical Editor, LAC Group, NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC Veasey, Sara W., Lead Graphics Production, NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC Griffin, Jessicca, Graphics Support, CICS-NC, Asheville, NC Misch, Deborah J., Graphics Support, Jamison Professional Services, NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC Riddle, Deborah B., Graphics Support, NOAA/NESDIS National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC SixJULY 2014STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2013 | TABLE OF CONTENTS List of authors and affiliations ..................................................................................................................................... i Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................................xiv 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................1 2. GLOBAL CLIMATE .........................................................................................................................................5 a. Overview .............................................................................................................................................................5 b. Temperature .......................................................................................................................................................9 1. Surface temperature .....................................................................................................................................9 2. Lower tropospheric temperature...........................................................................................................10 sideBar 2.1: temperature extreme indiCes in 2013 ..........................................................................................12 3. Lower stratospheric temperature ..........................................................................................................14 c. Cryosphere .......................................................................................................................................................15 I. Permafrost thermal state ...........................................................................................................................15 2. Northern Hemisphere continental snow cover extent ....................................................................17 3. Alpine glaciers ..............................................................................................................................................18 d. Hydrological cycle ...........................................................................................................................................19 1. Surface humidity ..........................................................................................................................................19 2. Total column water vapor ....................................................................................................................... 20 3. Precipitation ..................................................................................................................................................21 4. Cloudiness .................................................................................................................................................... 22 5. River discharge ............................................................................................................................................ 23 6. Groundwater and terrestrial water storage ........................................................................................24 7. Soil moisture ................................................................................................................................................ 25 e. Atmospheric circulation ............................................................................................................................... 26 1. Mean sea level pressure ............................................................................................................................ 26 2. Surface winds .............................................................................................................................................. 28 f. Earth radiation budget ................................................................................................................................... 30 1. Earth radiation budget at top-of-atmosphere .................................................................................... 30 2. Mauna Loa clear-sky atmospheric solar transmission ...................................................................... 32 g. Atmospheric composition ............................................................................................................................ 33 1. Long-lived greenhouse gases ................................................................................................................... 33 2. Ozone-depleting gases.............................................................................................................................. 34 3. Aerosols ........................................................................................................................................................ 36 4. Stratospheric ozone .................................................................................................................................. 38 5. Stratospheric water vapor ....................................................................................................................... 40 6. Tropospheric ozone .................................................................................................................................. 42 7. Carbon monoxide ...................................................................................................................................... 43 h. Land surface properties ............................................................................................................................... 44 1. Forest biomass ............................................................................................................................................ 44 2. Land surface albedo dynamics ................................................................................................................ 45 3. Terrestrial vegetation dynamics ............................................................................................................. 46 4. Biomass burning ...........................................................................................................................................47 3. GLOBAL OCEANS..........................................................................................................................................51 a. Overview ...........................................................................................................................................................51 b. Sea surface temperatures .............................................................................................................................51 c. Ocean heat content ....................................................................................................................................... 54 d. Ocean surface heat and momentum fluxes ..............................................................................................57 e. Sea surface salinity ......................................................................................................................................... 60 f. Subsurface salinity .......................................................................................................................................... 62 g. Surface currents ............................................................................................................................................. 65 1. Pacific Ocean ............................................................................................................................................... 65 2. Indian Ocean ............................................................................................................................................... 66 Sx JULY 2014| 3. Atlantic Ocean ............................................................................................................................................ 66 h. Meridional overturning circulation observations in the North Atlantic Ocean ............................67 i. Meridional oceanic heat transport in the Atlantic ..................................................................................69 j. Sea level variability and change .....................................................................................................................71 k. Global ocean carbon cycle ........................................................................................................................... 73 1. Sea-air carbon dioxide fluxes .................................................................................................................. 73 2. Ocean carbon inventory .......................................................................................................................... 75 3. Anthropogenic ocean acidification ........................................................................................................ 77 4. Global ocean phytoplankton ................................................................................................................... 78 4. THE TROPICS .................................................................................................................................................81 a. Overview ...........................................................................................................................................................81 b. ENSO and the tropical Pacific .....................................................................................................................81 1. Oceanic conditions .....................................................................................................................................81 2. Atmospheric circulation ........................................................................................................................... 82 c. Tropical intraseasonal activity ..................................................................................................................... 83 d. Tropical cyclones ............................................................................................................................................ 85 1. Overview ...................................................................................................................................................... 85 2. Atlantic Basin ............................................................................................................................................... 86 3. Eastern North Pacific and Central North Pacific Basins ................................................................. 90 4. Western North Pacific Basin .................................................................................................................. 92 5. North Indian Ocean .................................................................................................................................. 94 6. South Indian Ocean ................................................................................................................................... 96 7. Australian Region Basin ............................................................................................................................. 97 8. Southwest Pacific Basin ............................................................................................................................ 98 e. Tropical cyclone heat potential .................................................................................................................. 99 f. Global monsoon summary .......................................................................................................................... 101 g. Intertropical convergence zones .............................................................................................................. 103 1. Pacific ........................................................................................................................................................... 103 2. Atlantic ........................................................................................................................................................ 104 h. Atlantic warm pool ...................................................................................................................................... 105 sideBar 4.1: the 2013 atlantiC hurriCane season: Blip or Flip? ............................................................... 106 i. Indian Ocean dipole ...................................................................................................................................... 109 sideBar 4.2: super typhoon haiyan ................................................................................................................112 5. THE ARCTIC ..................................................................................................................................................115 a. Overview .........................................................................................................................................................115 b. The lower atmosphere: air temperature, clouds and surface radiation .........................................115 1. Mean annual surface air temperature ..................................................................................................115 2. Seasonal and regional surface air temperature variability ..............................................................116 3. Cloud cover and surface radiation budget..........................................................................................117 sideBar 5.1: rapid arCtiC warminG and midlatitude weather patterns: are they ConneCted? ..........118 c. Arctic ozone .................................................................................................................................................. 120 d. UV radiation ...................................................................................................................................................121 e. Carbon dioxide and methane .................................................................................................................... 123 sideBar 5.2: radiative ForCinG By BlaCK CarBon in the arCtiC ............................................................... 124 f. Sea ice cover ................................................................................................................................................... 126 1. Sea ice extent ............................................................................................................................................ 126 2. Age of the ice ............................................................................................................................................ 127 3. Ice thickness .............................................................................................................................................. 128 g. Ocean temperature and salinity ............................................................................................................... 128 1. Summer sea surface temperature ........................................................................................................ 128 2. Upper ocean salinity ................................................................................................................................ 129 3. Freshwater content ................................................................................................................................. 129 sideBar 5.3: oCean aCidiFiCation in the arCtiC .......................................................................................... 130 4. Pacific Water layer ....................................................................................................................................131 5. Atlantic Water layer ................................................................................................................................ 132 SxiJULY 2014STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2013 | h. Terrestrial snow cover ............................................................................................................................... 132 1. Snow cover extent ................................................................................................................................... 132 2. Snow cover duration ............................................................................................................................... 132 3. Snow depth ................................................................................................................................................ 132 4. Snow water equivalent ............................................................................................................................ 132 i. Glaciers and ice caps (outside Greenland) ............................................................................................. 134 j. Greenland Ice Sheet ..................................................................................................................................... 136 1. Satellite observations of surface melting and albedo ...................................................................... 136 2. Surface mass balance and river discharge .......................................................................................... 136 3. Surface air temperature observations ................................................................................................ 137 4. Satellite observations of ice mass and marine-terminating glaciers............................................ 137 k. Lake ice ........................................................................................................................................................... 138 l. Terrestrial permafrost.................................................................................................................................. 139 1. Permafrost temperature ......................................................................................................................... 139 2. Active layer thickness ..............................................................................................................................141 6. ANTARCTICA .............................................................................................................................................. 143 a. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 143 b. Atmospheric circulation ............................................................................................................................. 143 c. Surface manned and automatic weather station observations ........................................................ 145 d. Net precipitation (P – E)............................................................................................................................. 147 e. 2012/13 Seasonal melt extent and duration .......................................................................................... 149 f. Sea ice extent, concentration, and duration .......................................................................................... 150 g. Ozone depletion ........................................................................................................................................... 152 sideBar 6.1: ultra-low temperatures near dome a, antarCtiCa ............................................................. 154 7. REGIONAL CLIMATES ........................................................................................................................... 157 a. Overview ........................................................................................................................................................ 157 b. North America ............................................................................................................................................. 157 1. Canada ......................................................................................................................................................... 157 2. United States ............................................................................................................................................. 159 sideBar 7.1: trends in surFaCe radiation over the united states sinCe the mid-1990s ........................161 3. Mexico ......................................................................................................................................................... 162 c. Central America and the Caribbean ....................................................................................................... 164 1. Central America ....................................................................................................................................... 164 2. The Caribbean .......................................................................................................................................... 166 d. South America .............................................................................................................................................. 168 1. Northern South America and the tropical Andes ........................................................................... 169 2. Tropical South America east of the Andes ....................................................................................... 170 3. Southern South America ........................................................................................................................ 172 sideBar 7.2: extreme heat wave over Central southern south ameriCa durinG deCemBer 2013 .... 173 e. Africa ................................................................................................................................................................174 1. Northern Africa .........................................................................................................................................174 2. West Africa ................................................................................................................................................ 175 3. Eastern Africa .............................................................................................................................................176 4. Southern Africa ......................................................................................................................................... 178 5. Western Indian Ocean countries ......................................................................................................... 180 f. Europe and the Middle East ........................................................................................................................ 181 1. Overview .................................................................................................................................................... 181 2. Central and Western Europe ............................................................................................................... 184 sideBar 7.3: intense FloodinG in Central europe ........................................................................................ 185 3. Nordic and Baltic countries ................................................................................................................... 187 4. Iberian Peninsula ....................................................................................................................................... 188 5. Mediterranean, Italy, and Balkan States ............................................................................................. 189 6. Eastern Europe ......................................................................................................................................... 190 7. Middle East ................................................................................................................................................. 192 Sxii JULY 2014| g. Asia ................................................................................................................................................................... 193 1. Overview .................................................................................................................................................... 193 2. Russia ........................................................................................................................................................... 195 3. East Asia ...................................................................................................................................................... 197 sideBar 7.4: extreme Conditions in east asia in summer 2013................................................................. 199 4. South Asia .................................................................................................................................................. 201 5. Southwest Asia.......................................................................................................................................... 203 h. Oceania ...........................................................................................................................................................204 1. Overview .................................................................................................................................................... 204 2. Northwest Pacific and Micronesia ....................................................................................................... 204 3. Southwest Pacific ...................................................................................................................................... 207 4. Australia ...................................................................................................................................................... 208 sideBar 7.5: a year oF persistent and widespread heat For australia ....................................................211 5. New Zealand ..............................................................................................................................................212 APPENDIX 1: Seasonal Summaries...........................................................................................................215 APPENDIX 2: Relevant Datasets and Sources .....................................................................................219 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................................................ 229 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................... 230 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................................... 232 SxiiiJULY 2014STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2013 | Sxiv JULY 2014| ABSTRACT—J. BLUNDEN AND D. S. ARNDT In 2013, the vast majority of the monitored climate variables reported here maintained trends established in recent decades. ENSO was in a neutral state during the entire year, remaining mostly on the cool side of neutral with modest impacts on regional weather patterns around the world. This follows several years dominated by the effects of either La Niña or El Niño events. According to several independent analyses, 2013 was again among the 10 warmest years on record at the global scale, both at the Earth’s surface and through the tropo- sphere. Some regions in the Southern Hemisphere had re- cord or near-record high temperatures for the year. Aus- tralia observed its hottest year on record, while Argentina and New Zealand reported their second and third hottest years, respectively. In Antarctica, Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station reported its highest annual temperature since records began in 1957. At the opposite pole, the Arctic observed its seventh warmest year since records began in the early 20th century. At 20-m depth, record high temperatures were measured at some permafrost stations on the North Slope of Alaska and in the Brooks Range. In the Northern Hemisphere extratropics, anomalous meridional atmospheric circulation occurred throughout much of the year, leading to marked regional extremes of both temperature and precipitation. Cold temperature anomalies during winter across Eurasia were followed by warm spring temperature anomalies, which were linked to a new record low Eurasian snow cover extent in May. Minimum sea ice extent in the Arctic was the sixth lowest since satellite observations began in 1979. Including 2013, all seven lowest extents on record have occurred in the past seven years. Antarctica, on the other hand, had above-average sea ice extent throughout 2013, with 116 days of new daily high extent records, including a new daily maximum sea ice area of 19.57 million km2 reached on 1 October. ENSO-neutral conditions in the eastern central Pacific Ocean and a negative Pacific decadal oscillation pattern in the North Pacific had the largest impacts on the global sea surface temperature in 2013. The North Pacific reached a historic high temperature in 2013 and on balance the globally-averaged sea surface temperature was among the 10 highest on record. Overall, the salt content in near- surface ocean waters increased while in intermediate waters it decreased. Global mean sea level continued to rise during 2013, on pace with a trend of 3.2 mm yr-1 over the past two decades. A portion of this trend (0.5 mm yr-1) has been attributed to natural variability associated with the Pacific decadal oscillation as well as to ongoing contributions from the melting of glaciers and ice sheets and ocean warming. Global tropical cyclone frequency during 2013 was slightly above average with a total of 94 storms, although the North Atlantic Basin had its quietest hurricane season since 1994. In the Western North Pacific Basin, Super Typhoon Haiyan, the deadliest tropical cyclone of 2013, had 1-minute sustained winds estimated to be 170 kt (87.5 m s-1) on 7 November, the highest wind speed ever assigned to a tropical cyclone. High storm surge was also associated with Haiyan as it made landfall over the central Philippines, an area where sea level is currently at historic highs, increasing by 200 mm since 1970. In the atmosphere, carbon dioxide, methane, and ni- trous oxide all continued to increase in 2013. As in previ- ous years, each of these major greenhouse gases once again reached historic high concentrations. In the Arctic, carbon dioxide and methane increased at the same rate as the global increase. These increases are likely due to export from lower latitudes rather than a consequence of increases in Arctic sources, such as thawing permafrost. At Mauna Loa, Hawaii, for the first time since measure- ments began in 1958, the daily average mixing ratio of carbon dioxide exceeded 400 ppm on 9 May. The state of these variables, along with dozens of oth- ers, and the 2013 climate conditions of regions around the world are discussed in further detail in this 24th edition of the State of the Climate series. S164 | JULY 2014 Tropical Storms Barry and Lorena, and Tropical Depression Number Eight all brought heavy rainfall to various regions across Mexico. (iii) Notable events Two tropical cyclones arrived simultaneously on Mexico’s coasts (Pacific and Atlantic) in September. Hurricane Ingrid (12–17 September) formed in the Gulf of Mexico, near northern Tabasco and made landfall between Tamaulipas and Veracruz. Southern Tamaulipas received half of its mean annual rainfall in just six days, while northern Veracruz received one-third of its mean annual during the same period. At the same time, Hurricane Manuel made landfall twice on the Pacific coast, with the rainfall contrib- uting over 60% of the mean annual precipitation in parts of Guerrero; Michoacan, Colima, and Jalisco were also impacted. During 17–19 September, north- ern Sinaloa received 40%–60% of its mean annual rainfall. Manuel caused flooding and severe damage to infrastructure, but also helped to improve soil moisture and recharge aquifers and reservoirs. The last time two tropical cyclones impacted Mexico si- multaneously was in 1958 when tropical storms Alma in the Atlantic and Number Two in the Pacific made landfall between 13 and 16 June. Nine winter storms impacted the country this year, four of them between January and March and five from November to December. The mountains of Baja California, Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, and Zacatecas were most affected by these with low temperature and snowfalls. The last winter storm in late December was the heaviest, causing sleet and snowfall over Chihuahua, Nuevo León, Durango, and Tamaulipas. c. Central America and the Caribbean 1) Central aMeriCa—J. A. Amador, E. J. Alfaro, H. G. Hidalgo, A. M. Durán-Quesada, B. Calderón, I. L. Rivera, and C. Vega For this region, nine stations from five countries were examined. The stations located on the Carib- bean slope are: Philip Goldson International Airport, Belize; Puerto Barrios, Guatemala; Puerto Lempira, Honduras; and Puerto Limón, Costa Rica. On the Pacific slope: Tocumen International Airport and David, Panamá; Liberia, Costa Rica; Choluteca, Honduras; and San José, Guatemala. Procedures follow Amador et al. (2011) for all variables, except that the base period used to compute anomalies was 1981–2010. Liberia showed abnormal precipitation values on 22 May, 30 May, and 7 June 2013; the cor- responding corrections were made using precipitation observed at a nearby meteorological station from the Costa Rica National Meteorological Institute (CRNMI). (i) Temperature Mean temperature (Tm) distributions for all sta- tions are shown in Fig. 7.9. Most stations experienced a slightly warmer-than-average year. Similar to previous years, the negative skewness in Tm at Philip Goldson and Puerto Barrios on the Caribbean slope, in both the climatology and for 2013, is most likely a result of frequent cold surges from the north dur- ing the winter months. The Tm patterns suggest a near-normal year in northern Central America. The negative skewness in Tm is rarely observed in Puerto Lempira and Puerto Limón, indicating that cold fronts reaching these station latitudes, in the mean, rapidly lose their thermal properties. On the Pacific slope, most stations recorded a higher frequency of warmer Tm values during 2013 with less variability and lighter tails (indicating less frequent extremes). (ii) Precipitation For this section, “significant” probability (p) implies 0.05 < p < 0.10, and “very significant” prob- ability implies p < 0.05. Tocumen was not considered in this analysis because of missing data during 2013. The start of the rainy season is identified as two con- secutive days with at least 25 mm of precipitation fol- lowed by a third day with measurable precipitation. A similar approach was used to compute the end of the rainy season, but from the end of the year backwards. Compared with the 1981–2010 period, 2013 was a near-normal year in terms of starting and ending dates of the rainy season for the Central American stations, with the exception of Liberia and Philip Goldson International Airport, which observed early starting dates of the rainy season. Liberia experienced a wet year during 2013, including significantly late ending dates of the rainy season. It was the only station with a very significantly above-normal maximum 5-day wet-period accumulation, and a significantly below-normal number of dry pentads. In addition, Liberia and Philip Goldson International Airport showed significantly above-normal precipita- tion interquartile ranges, indicating great variability in contrast to the climatology, and an above-normal number of extreme wet outliers (precipitation above the 90th percentile). Other stations with an above- normal number of wet outliers were San José, Belize, and Puerto Barrios, Guatemala. Choluteca was the only station that showed above-normal maximum S165STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2013 |JULY 2014 number of dry-pentads, and Puerto Limón had signif- icant above-normal number of extreme dry outliers. Moisture transport from both the Caribbean and the eastern tropical Pacific followed the mean annual cycle with deviations in intensity from the 1980–2013 period. A decrease in moisture transport from the Ca- ribbean was observed during January and February. This is likely related to a cooler-than-normal SST and associated reduction in evaporation. The start of the 2013 rainy season coincided with a marked increase in the transport of moisture from the Caribbean in April (of the order of 4 mm day-1). A reduction of transport from the Caribbean is observed from reanalysis data during the second half of the year, which may be linked with a decrease of the cyclone activity in 2013. Moisture transport from the eastern tropical Pacific was greater than normal, indicating an intensification of evaporation (Leduc et al. 2007). (iii) Notable events The region was under the inf luence of neutral ENSO conditions (see section 4b) and stronger- than-average 925-hPa winds during July (vectors in Fig. 7.9), a condition unfavorable for tropical cyclone formation (Amador et al. 2006). Indeed, 2013 was a below-average year for tropical storms in the Carib- bean basin (6°–24°N, 92°–60°W). For the first time since 1986 there were only two named storms and no hurricanes in the region (Table 7.1). During the first half of the rainy season (May– June), strong convective storms brought heavy rains that triggered landslides, claiming two lives in Panamá and three in Guatemala. During 3–13 September, several intense rainfall events and flash floods affected the Pacific slope and the populated areas of the Costa Rica’s Central Valley, according to the CRNMI. The second half of the rainy season Fig. 7.9. Mean surface temperature (Tm, °C) frequency (F) and accumulated pentad precipitation (AP, mm) time series are shown for nine stations (blue dots) in Central America: (1) Philip Goldson International Air- port, Belize; (2) Puerto Barrios, Guatemala; (3) Puerto Lempira, Honduras; (4) Puerto Limón, Costa Rica; (5) Tocumen International Airport, Panamá; (6) David, Panamá; (7) Liberia, Costa Rica; (8) Choluteca, Honduras; and (9) San José, Guatemala. The blue solid line represents the 1981–2010 average values and the red solid line shows 2013 values. Vertical dashed lines depict the mean temperature for 2013 (red) and the 1981–2010 period (blue). Tocumen (station 5) does not display 2013 precipitation due to missing data. Vectors indicate Jul wind anomalies at 925 hPa (1981–2010 base period). Shading depicts regional elevation (m). (Source: NOAA/NCDC.) S166 | JULY 2014 (August–November) wreaked havoc across Central America, claiming more than 41 lives (28 in Hondu- ras and at least 13 in Nicaragua) due to intense rains, landslides, and river floods. 2) the Caribbean—T. S. Stephenson, M. A. Taylor, A. R. Trotman, A. O. Porter, I. T. Gonzalez, J. M. Spence, N. McLean, J. D. Campbell, G. Brown, M. Butler, R. C. Blenman, A. P. Aaron-Morrison, and V. Marcellin-Honore’ The Caribbeans climate was influenced by neutral ENSO conditions, an anomalously warm tropical North Atlantic in the latter half of the year, and below-normal hurricane activity. Annual tempera- tures were near normal (Fig. 7.10a). Normal to above- normal annual rainfall occurred over most eastern Caribbean islands, Puerto Rico, eastern Jamaica, and eastern Cuba (Fig. 7.10b). Unless otherwise specified, comparisons are to the 1981–2010 base period. Re- cords set for the following territories are with respect to the year in parenthesis: Dominica (1982), Puerto Rico (1898), St. Croix (1972), St. Thomas (1953), Trinidad and Tobago (1946 and 1969, respectively). (i) Temperature Annual temperatures over the Caribbean were generally normal relative to 1981–2010 (Fig. 7.10a). Barbados recorded monthly maximum temperatures near or below the climatological means, except in March. The Cayman Islands reported warmer- (cool- er-) than-normal monthly maximum (minimum) temperatures throughout the year. Monthly average temperatures were above normal across Trinidad, Tobago, and Puerto Rico, with San Juan recording its second warmest December (26.8°C). Other top 10 temperatures recorded for San Juan include the ninth warmest March (26.4°C) and the fifth warm- est April, (27.1°C), fifth warmest April, September, and October (29.1° and 28.8°C, respectively). St. Croix experienced its tenth coolest March and May (25.1° and 26.8°C, respectively) and second warmest October (28.6°C). Near-normal temperatures were recorded over Cuba, excluding March and October where above- and below-normal temperatures were Fig. 7.10. (a) Temperature (°C) and (b) rainfall (mm day-1) anomalies for Jan–Oct 2013 across the Carib- bean basin (with respect to the 1981–2010 mean). (Source: ERA-Interim.) Table 7.1. Number of named storms (NS) for years with zero, one, and two NS in the Caribbean ba- sin (6°–24°N, 92°–60°W) for 1948–2013. Named storms that reached hurricane (H) or tropical storm (TS) strength are shown in parenthesis after the year with the maximum Saffir-Simpson category hurricane strength (Cat) also indicated. (Source: HURDAT 2, http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat /Data_Storm.html.) Number of Named Storms (NS) Years 0 1983 1 1962 (TS Daisy), 1965 (H Betsy Cat 3), 1972 (H Agnes Cat 1), 1976 (TS Emmy), 1991 (TS Fabian), 1992 (TS Andre) 2 1968 (TS Abby, H Gladys Cat 1), 1975 (H Eloise, H Gladys both Cat 1), 1977 (H Anita Cat 4, TS Freda), 1986 (TS Danielle, TS Frances), 1987 (H Emily Cat 3, TS Floyd), 1997 (H Ericka Cat 3, TS Grace), 2002 (H Lili, H Isidore, both Cat 3), 2013 (TS Chantal, TS Grabiele) http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/Data_Storm.html http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/hurdat/Data_Storm.html B u lletin o f th e A m erican M eteo ro lo g ical S o ciety Ju ly 2014 Vo l. 95 N o . 7 S u p p lem en t Special Supplement to the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Vol. 95, No. 7, July 2014 STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN 2013 Libraries: Please file with the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 95, Issue 7