Antonio Arellando & Henning Jensen, Mapping research networks in

basic sciences at University of Costa Rica 

  

ISSN 1405-1435, UAEM, Mexico, num. 42, September-December 2006,  pp 169-203

Resumen: Este trabajo es una contribución al estudio simultáneo de elementos ontológicos y
metodológicos comprometidos con el conocimiento de la organización sociotécnica de la investigación
científica universitaria. Se trata de la presentación de un análisis asistido informáticamente de bases de
datos que genera mapas, de los que se pueden intelegir organización de relaciones heterogéneas de
propiedades científico-técnicas y sociales contenidas en las fuentes de información, que son
simultáneamente cuantitativas y cualitativas. Para ilustrar lo anterior, realizamos un estudio de caso
analizando informáticamente las bases de datos de los proyectos de investigación en ciencias básicas de
la Universidad de Costa Rica entre 1977 y 2005.
Palabras clave: mapeo de investigación, redes de investigación, análisis informático, ciencias básicas,
Costa Rica.Abstract: This paper is a contribution to the simultaneous study of both the ontological
and the methodological elements involved in the knowledge about the socio-technical organization
of the university scientific research. In this work we present a computationally assisted analysis of
databases which generates maps of heterogeneous relations of the scientific, the technical and the
social properties contained in the information databases which are simultaneously quantitative and
qualitative. In order to illustrate this, we present a case study analyzing databases of research projects
in basic sciences from 1977 to 2005 of the University of Costa Rica.
Key words: research mapping, research networks, computational analysis, basic sciences, Costa Rica.

Antonio Arellano Hernández

Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, México/aah@uaemex.mx

Henning Jensen Pennington

Universidad de Costa Rica, Costa Rica/hjensen@ice.co.cr

Mapping research networks in basic sciences at
University of Costa Rica

CONVERGENCIA
Revista de Ciencias Sociales



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comprehension of the elaboration processes of knowledge and artifacts
since their object of  study expresses the subject of  their own epistemology.

In this sense, the epistemology of  these disciplines presents an
ontological aspect in respect to the consideration of the nature and society
statute, and a methodological one in respect to the use of the qualitative-
quantitative approach of  their studies. Regarding the first aspect, the
researchers grouped in the school of the called actor-network2 opened in
the eighties the way to study the sociocultural relations inscribed in the
techno-scientific phenomenon; this way was expressed in an sudden increase,
throughout the world, of  studies on the construction of  knowledge and
technological artifacts.  Regarding the second aspect, it could be considered
that only quite recently the alliance between science and technology studious
and specialists in computing systems has brought the possibility of exploiting
software for the textual and relational data analysis, giving way to the
integration of  qualitative and quantitative methods.

This work is a contribution to the simultaneous study of ontological
and methodological elements by the analysis of results produced by an
informatics assistant, which makes it possible to visually reckon the
organization of  heterogeneous elements emerged from information databases
on institutionalized research; we empirically illustrate the latter through the
analysis of databases on the research projects of the University of Costa
Rica (UCR).

1 The author thanks the critical comments of  Laura María Morales Navarro.
2 This approach was established in the 1980’s by Michel Callon, Bruno Latour and John Law,
and it was due to Callon’s study on technological development and sociotechnical controversies
to make an electric vehicle in France and the farming of clams and training of fishermen at the
St. Brieuc Bay; to the Latorus’ work on the powers of association and the life in the laboratory;
to the Callon and Law’s work on enrolment and contra-enrolment (the interests and its
transformations); and to Law’s work on social control tactics.

Introduction1

ociology and anthropology of  the science and the technology have a
double epistemological commitment when trying to improve thes



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We start our presentation with the exposition of  some conceptual-
methodological elements on the heterogeneous study of social and techno-
scientific entities. Then, we mention some background on the
computationally assisted analysis of  research heterogeneous networks. Later,
we briefly expose some historic features of the research in the University
of Costa Rica; after that, we present the results of our study by mapping
and interpreting the research in basic sciences of UCR. At the end of the
paper we present some conclusions in regards to the explicative capacity of
the software used and to the research of basic sciences at UCR.

1. Connecting conceptually and methodologically social and techno-

scientific entities

For over three decades, a large number of  sociologists and anthropologists
of the techno-scientific research have faced two great cognitive challenges:
one of a conceptual- epistemological nature referring to the consideration
of the role the natural and social aspects play in the expression of the techno-
scientific phenomenon, and other of a epistemological-methodological
nature referring to the representation of the qualitative and quantitative
aspects involved in the demonstration of the knowledge on techno-science.

Regarding the first challenge, some researchers consider that the techno-
scientific phenomenon has a cause the social action over nature (whom we
will call sociologists); this cause would have the shape of groups in
controversies (Bloor, 1982, 1999; Barnes, 1993-1994), of economic actions
of innovation, of social actions in the world of life (Hess, 1992, 2001;
Hess and Layne, 1992), to mention some. Some others consider that the
phenomenon is explained by the development of a teleological logic
sustained by the natural laws; such cause would have the form of  an
evolutionary development ineluctable of cognitive and artifactual aspects
(Perrin, 1997; Basalla, 1991), etc cetera, (whom we will call technisists)

Both groups have applied variants of the network notion to approach
the social and technical organization of the research, and show the role
knowledge and artifacts elaborated by the scientists and engineers play
(Callon, 2001). For the sociologists, the networks as associations of  social
actors organized around objects of study or artifactuals; for the technisists,



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the networks are a series of related scientific-technical elements supporting
the social actions.

For the sociologists of  sciences and techniques of  the Paris Group3 the
use of  the network notion only proposes a relational idea; conversely, it
reveals a method problem to acknowledge the nature of the relation among
the actors (Latour and Arellano, 1998); consequently, the works inspired by
this group have been directed to study the action of the collectives and of
the nature that are integrated in the form of  socio-technical networks, by
means of  complex hybridization processes.4 Under the consideration that
the construction of  scientific facts and technical artifacts imply the creation
and consolidation of relations between social and natural entities, Callon
has implied that the study of the history of these associations provides an
entry to the analysis of  the science and technology development (Callon,
2001).

In regards to the second challenge, the study of the techno-scientific
activity dynamic has been led by researchers interested in the hermeneutic
and quantitative aspects. The former ones have worked in the significant-
conceptual elements of  the information directly observed or produced in
the quantitative descriptions of  the research; whereas, methodologically,
they have developed significant grading of  the actors’ actions. The latter
have used quantitative information from publications, citations, patents,
demographic-economic statistics, of the scientific activity; and
methodologically have developed statistic techniques and algorithmic
methods to group and compute their data and express their meanings.

A notion of network recently incorporated in the studied on techno-
scientific research is directly related to the interdisciplinary works where
the social sciences scientists, in alliance with specialists of  informatics

3 We call the Group of  Paris those researchers grouped around the works developed in the
Sociology of the Innovation Centre of the École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris,
particularly the studies directed by Michel Callon and Bruno Latour.
4 From there that the study of the socio-technical networks inspired in the promoters of the
Actor-network theory have proposed themselves to follow the actors in their research actions
to render account of the construction of the translations.



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systems, have developed a series of methods that allow the treatment of
computationally assisted quantitative data (Allende and Arellano, 2004),
when eliminating the opposition between quantitative and qualitative
methods and introducing new significance sources. The results obtained
have made it possible the treatment of  surveys, interviews and ethnographic
observations, as well as the analysis of  content of  texts and inquests for
the categories and the biographic analysis (Tichit, 1999).

This work is a contribution to a double setting in relation, to know;
relating society and nature and quantitative and qualitative methods. The
setting in relation of the social and natural elements, and the qualitative
and quantitative methods. The former has been institutionalized in the called
actor-network Theory (TA-R). This double set in relation can be operated
by means of computational programs capable of facilitating the analysis of
heterogeneous data that make it possible to visualize structure and analyze
data networks of  different entities expressed qualitatively and quantitatively.

2. Computing analysis of heterogeneous research networks

The data measurement on research has been faced for decades trying to set
into relation the quantity and quality of  the researches. Such is the case of
the studies directed to evaluate the quality of articles and the scientific
journals through the elaboration of indexes (Buela-Casal, 2003; Lomonte
and Ainsworth, 2000, 2002) or those directed to the establishment of a
metric of the science (Price, 1978).

One of the main problems of the techno-scientific research analysis
rests on the partiality and heterogeneity of the available data: databases,
patents, publications and bibliographic bases, journals, databases of the
university cooperation and links, the historicity of the available data, the
diversity of  texts and corpus, mainly (Mogoutov, 1999; Dodier and Barbot,
2000). But the biggest problem of  the computational analysis of  these
heterogeneous data resides in the limits of the qualitative and quantitative
analysis that reflect two separate words (Mogoutov, 1998). To solve this
problem, a series of resulting data analysis and visualization advanced
techniques has been developed. The important aspect of the computationally



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assisted analytical strategies to study the research heterogeneous networks
consists on the possibility of  representation of  the information, through a
scheme of categories graphically described.5

For Callon, the study of  the socio-technical networks is founded in the
actors’ associationist capacity. According to Callon: “The limit of  the
(conventional) tools is that, when having as an objective discover (similitude)
links between actors, do not pay explicit attention to the relations and relation
settings operated by these very actors; they put into parentheses their
capabilities of producing associations” (Callon, 2001: s/p).

The interrelation between the quantitative and the qualitative in
instruments as the translation networks is characterized by the synthesis of
translation strategies’ descriptions (qualitative element) with the repetition
of the translations (quantitative element); this means that a translation
strategy is relationally consolidated or stabilized; conversely, a translation
that remains isolated does not influence the network’s configuration. In
this way, “the quantitative analysis conceived as the consolidation
measurement of a translation network is nothing more than the continuation
of the qualitative analysis through other means” (Callon et al., 1991a: 13).

The analytical procedure has an explicit objective to reconstruct the
dynamic of these networks and of their connections so that the singularity

5 According to Sowa (1991), the use of graphos for the description of the knowledge dates back
to the neo-platonic philosopher Porfirio, thereafter settling with the works by Pierce in the late
XIX century and with those by the philosopher Selz in the early XX century. Collins and
Quillian (1969) introduced them as a way of hierarchic representation of concepts, although
their model was harshly criticized due to its rigidity: in the practice it is difficult to conceive that
the conceptual associations are done hierarchically because some prototypical concepts such as
“hen”, “tiger” or “water” are associated to “farm”, “jungle” or “thirst”, before their own
“biological families” (Johnson-Laird, 1990: 311). The model revised by Collins and Loftus
(1975) proposes a more flexible proposal called propagation of adaptation, where the concepts
are not hierarchically related, but according to semantic distances (from example, the concept
“red” can be related to other color categories, but also with other concepts such as “fire” or
“passion”). The mental models are understood here as concept networks, and not as they are
introduced in cognitive science by Johnson-Laird (1983), defined as analogical representations
of  reality.



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and heterogeneity of  the relations is preserved. But the current challenge in
the study of association networks consists on not being satisfied with
accepting the fact that are heterogeneous, but by the variety of action regimes
(sustained in the textual inscriptions), where the entities are involved. In
this sense, the notion of entity includes the social actors, but also all the
series of non-human actors that play a role in the contemporary techno-
scientific research (Callon et al., 1991b; Callon, 2001).

The RL software is a device to make the relations inscribed between
the actors visible. In the case of the analysis of complex texts, such as
articles and patents, the analytical space is quite wide and allows recognizing
relation patterns that make it possible the heuristic of categories and
descriptors; in the case of the ex ante qualified databases, the space is created
by the categories and relations by the intrinsic possibilities attributed in the
descriptors that organize the information of  a text, for example, of  a research
project, of a patent or a scientific report. This software is a data analysis
instrument that allows presenting the significant relations in sets of
heterogeneous data, emerged from the use of analytical algorithms and
visualization tools sustained in theory of graphos (Mogoutov and
Vichnevskaia, 1995).

The heterogeneous networks produced by the RL software are graphic
representations of relations between different-order entities obtained from
large databases. These graphic representations correspond to the encounter
of relation patterns between entities where their localization, size and
frequency of  relation intervene. In these charts or figures, each grapho is an
entity. The entities are of  a different nature (in the case we are studying
they can be: research area, research units, discipline, project and author of
the project), so that in one single figure it can be appreciated judgment
elements for the analysis of the techno-scientific research. The interpretation
can include the size of the graphos, their location in the analytical space
context and the thickness of  the line connecting the graphos.

Differently from the conventional parametric statistic information, the
information provided makes it possible to distinguish in the smallest graphos
a strategic reflection, indicating with this that an entity, not being statistically



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relevant, of  a great visibility, or large relations with other entities can,
however, represent emergency, novelty, recent visibility, etc., that implies a
significant situation for the institution.

The size of the graphos depends on their absolute quantity in respect to
the graphos of  the same entity. Their location depends on the variables the
reader determines; generally lines can be drawn between the graphos from
the same entity to make work spaces, within which the relations can be
analyzed with graphos of  the same kind, and with different graphos.

It is important to take the consideration that the relations established in
the extremes of the networks are the end of the relations manipulated and
that these can be used as heuristic elements for the reflection of the
possibilities of heterogeneous relations (included the interdisciplinary
relations of the entities represented by the graphos).

RL corresponds to the linguistic turn of the social sciences so that
particularly has been expressed in the complementation or substitution of
the parametric statistic analysis by the textual analysis (Allende and Arellano,
2004), relational and visual of heterogeneous data (Mogoutov and Dodier,
1997). RL is a computational instrument that helps the study of  the
complexity of  the sources and the data produced by the research institutions.

In this work we use it as an example of technical assistant belonging to
a network analysis software family (Van Raan, 2003), from which it is
intended to have consultation, visualization and empiric data analysis
assistants that consider the nature and degrees of  structuring of  information
concentration databases, figures and texts corpus.

In the case we are studying, it is about critically exploit the computational
assistant when following a double interpretation route: the one that seek
knowing the socio-scientific research networks, when interpreting the
analytical results from the computational analysis of  information on the
university research, organized in databases on research projects from the
University of Costa Rica; and the one that reflexively is applied to the
knowledge of  instruments that produce the information and analysis, parting
from the case study of the research in basic sciences of the UCR.



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Before moving to the mapping of the research dynamic in the UCR, it is
essential to clarify that these computational techniques present certain
advantages, but also some drawbacks that cannot be overlooked. The
advantages of  the science-metric instruments is that these allow processing
a large number of  data, as well as the matters of  aggregation, and facilitate
the identification of  emerging structures; according to the capacity of  the
computational systems, the capacities of calculation and treatment of data
have become really impressive.

But, on the other hand, according to Callon and Courtial (1995), these
instruments have two big drawbacks: on the one hand, to ignore everything
that does not appear under the form of  a formal document of  which the
circulation space is public and are not obtainable;6 and, on the other hand,
the impossibility of  containing all the scientific activity, mainly the
technological, in written, leaving aside all the tacit knowledge.

3. The institutional dynamic of the research in the University of

Costa Rica

Since 1941 and until the end of the seventies, the UCR was more oriented
to the formation of  professional, meeting that way the need of  professionals
for the socioeconomic development of  the Costa Rican society.  It was in
the II University Congress (1972-1973) and with the UCR academic
restructuring when it was expressed the need of  developing a national
scientific and technological capacity without the subordination to foreign
interests (Gutiérrez, 2002).

In 1974 the Research Vice-rectory was established (VI), as the instance
responsible for supervising, coordinating and stimulating the research at
the University of  Costa Rica; and in 1975 a formal financing projects program
was established (34 projects of 16 research units) (CNR, 2003).

6 In the case we are studying, it refers to researches performed without an institutional registration.
7 New centers and institutes are created, reaching 22 research units, among which the most
important: CIELEC (electrochemistry) CIHATA (abnormal hemoglobins), CIMAR, (sea
sciences), CIPRONA (natural products), CIGEFI (geophysics), INII (engineering), IIMEC
(education —now INIE).
8 Research master plans are created in areas considered as critical for the country, to know; non-



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Between 1976 and 1981 there is a research groups formation and
consolidation period, as well as the creation of  units,7 and research programs.8

The norms for the research are established and researchers from
governmental entities are incorporated to the programs.  In said period, the
VI authorizes the amount of  100 full-time positions as researchers. The
Vigilance Committee on Researches on Human Beings as a requirement by
the Ministry of Health was established.

Between 1981 and 1988, 11 international scientists were invited to give
advice on their correspondent discipline. The analysis of the new projects
was established. The need of spreading the results from the researches in
an organized and systematic way was set as an important goal. The inter-
university projects with the Technological Institute of  Costa Rica and the
National University were created; and some international cooperation
programs were implemented9 (UCR, 1989).

Just the period between 1988 and 1992 is marked by three important
milestones in the conceptualization of research: 1. There is a substantial
restructuring in the Vice-rectory organization, the Technological
Transference Unit (UTT in Spanish) appears as an instance in charge of
strengthening the links between the research projects and the country’s
productive sector; the Direction of Research Management (with promotion,
follow-up and evaluation units), Legal Assessment and Computing
Assessment also appear. 2. The decentralization of  procedures of  the VI
toward Academic Units begins. 3. The Vice-rectory is provided with
administrative support, creating the databases on projects and researchers.
An evaluation model of the university technological capacity is established,
with a pilot plan in biotechnology; and the conditions so that young
researchers start their careers were also established (UCR, 1989, 1990, 1991,
1992).

conventional energy sources, health and nutrition, education, agriculture (industry and
technology) and rational use of natural resources.
9 With Japanese institutions, the OAS, the International Agency for Development, with the
CELA (Joint Studies of Latin American Economic integration), the Ford foundation and the
Who.



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Between 1992 and 1994, the Vice-rectory of Research participated
actively in government meetings for the definition of policies and guidelines
in the research field that would affect the country. Researches of  a
multidiscipline nature were fostered. The amount of current researches
increased to close to 600; the search for external financial sources was
intensified, conducting at the Juridical Advice Office in coordination with
the UCR 160 agreements, treaties and pacts (UCR, 1992, 1993, 1994).

Between 1994 and 1996 the revision and updating process of the
different regulations of the research units began. The proposal, researchers
and units evaluation instruments were also inspected.  The Research Days
and more than 35 activities (conferences, seminars, etc.) were organized.

The divulgation via Internet started with the creation of the electronic
bulletin of the Vice-rectory with 423 subscribers by 1995 and with the
construction of  the website of  the same Vice-rectory.  There is a considerable
increment in the amount of current researches (more 820) in comparison to
those averagely maintained in the previous administration.  There is a strong
external communication with public institutions, bilateral and multilateral
organisms, NGOs and diplomatic bodies. Important international
relationships with the Canadian government, Universities from Columbia,
Iowa, California, the GTZ (German Cooperation Agency), the Bolivar
Program, and the United Nations, among others were established (UCR,
1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997).

Between 1996 and 2004, the University of Costa Rica made an
important budget effort when investing between 13% and 15% of its
resources in the strengthening of activities of research, postgraduate studies,
library systems, documentation and information, editorial system and other
support units. The Researcher Award was established in order to acknowledge
the work of more than one thousand professors dedicated to research. The
cooperation and internationalization process reaches its peak as fundament
of the maintenance of excellence. The systematic evaluation of centers
and institutes is done. Specific evaluation instruments for each process were
created (presentation of proposals, evaluation, process extension,
presentation of  informs, etc). A Projects Formulation Institutional System



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was established. During this period 1,580 projects were successfully
concluded (in average 198 per year) and 1,936 extended their validity. There
is, in said period, a constant strengthening of  the institutional programs. It
can be observed an increasing research activity, in both the proposal of
projects, programs and activities, as well as in the creation on new units
(UCR, 1997 a 2005; Vicerrectoría de Investigación, 2004).

Currently, the UCR has 53 research units distributed in centers, institutes,
manors, experimental stations and other units. There is a trend towards the
creation of  research teams. However, the percentage of  individual researches
is more than 40%. It is estimated that close to 70% of the scientific articles
published in internationally indexed journals by Costa Rican researchers
belong to scientists from UCR, which represents close to 47% of the scientific
indexed production of Central America (Parral, 2004; Vicerrectoría de
Investigación, 2004, 2005; CNR, 2005).

4. Mapping the research history in basic sciences in UCR

The first distinctive consideration on UCR is that it is a disciplinary complex
university, but relatively small. Practically there is not a university discipline
that is not practiced at UCR; nonetheless, it is relatively complex to be a
national university. The second is the great consistence of  the classification
categories, the statistics of its research activities and the protection of its
archive patrimony. These considerations make UCR a consistent object of
study for the reticular analysis we have propounded.

For the study of  the research projects databases of  UCR it has been
decided to distinguish historically the information available since 1977 to
the date in four-year periods, selecting in conformity with the higher
administration periods, specifically that of  the rectorate times. This measure
was taken under the consideration that each of these periods correspond to
certain homogeneity in the concrete scientific policy and with depuration
moments of  the current projects.10

10 The analysis we have done is sustained on a database of 61,685 registers of 4,259 projects
inscribed in the Research Vice-Rectory in the period between 1977-2005 (VI, 2005).



Antonio Arellando & Henning Jensen, Mapping research networks in

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The amount of research projects and research units has been increasing
throughout the history of  UCR. In the late 70’s, the number of  research
projects was 224 and 22 research units. Between 1981 and 1988, the figure
increases in more than 100%, when changing from 288 to 673, respectively;
this period corresponds to only one Vice-rectorial administration. The same
happens with the period between 1989 and 1993 when the projects increase
from 673 to 1,268. Yet, in the period between 1997 and year 2000, the
number of projects increases 10%, so that it reaches a total of 1,676 projects
and then it decreases to 1,569 projects. This period 1997-2000 corresponds
to only one vice-rectorial and can be interpreted as a regulation period and
of  the establishment of  the previously rehearsed normativity (See Figure
1).

From 1981 to 2004, the coverage of the areas has changed; the triad of
basic sciences, social and health sciences was maintained since the beginning
of the institutionalized research until 1992. With the exception of the 1993-
1996 and 1997-2000 periods, the health area was substituted by the agro-
alimentary area of that triad. The visibility of the basic sciences has been
slightly higher to that of the social sciences, except in the 1981-1984 and
2000-2004, when these have had a large number of research projects in
process.

After that the previous analysis worked as a historic frame, next we
present the basic sciences research networks. First we will analyze the
research dynamics of the area under study in the 1997-2005 period. Then,
we will analyze the main heterogeneous relations among the projects,
disciplines and research areas. To conclude, we will take as cases the detailed
analysis of the discipline and Research Units (RU) to show the research
dynamics.



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Mapping the research dynamics in the basic sciences area

Taking the long period between 1975 and 2005, the relevance of  the RU, in
respect to the number of projects registered, it has three visibility orders:
the first one is represented by the CIBCM,11 the BIOLOGY S. and the CIMAR;
followed by a second where the CIGEFI, the PHYSICS S., the CICA, the
GEOLOGY S., the CELEQ and the CIPRONA can be seen; and finally, a
third order by the rest of  the RU. In regards to the disciplines, there are two
dimensions, that of  higher visibility that corresponds to MATHEMATICS,
CHEMESTRY, CELULAR BIOLOGY and MOLECULAR BIOLOGY;
followed by a lower visibility of  GEOLOGY, PHYSICS, AGRONOMY,
MARINE BIOLOGY, the BIOLOGIC SCIENCES, OCEANOGRAPHY,
and GEOPHYSICS (see Figure 2).

The reticular and socio-technical reading accounts for the relational
realities; in this way, we have that there are regions formed by close relations
between disciplines and institutions, standing out that represented by
MATHEMATICS, PHYSICS and their correspondent schools
(MATHEMATICS S. and PHYSICS S.) (Figure 2); A region formed between
a discipline and more than one institution, as in the case of  CHEMESTRY
and the CELEQ and the CHEMESTRY S.; it can be seen a region of  great
complexity of  relations among disciplines of  the BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES,
CELLULAR BIOLOGY and MOLECULAR BIOLOGY and the
BIOLOGY S. and the CIBCM, it can be observed that CIMAR and CICA
are not related in one discipline, but rather they are located egocentrically
among several disciplines (see Figure 2).

Now, when reducing temporarily the observation period to that between
2000-2004, it can be seen that the RU with more presence for the number
of  registered projects were the CIBCM, the BIOLOGY S., the CIMPA, the
GEOLOGY S., the CIMAR, the CICIMA and the CIGEFI (se Figure 3), in
the rest of  the units were distributed the rest of  the projects. In this figure
it can be observed with careful precision the disciplines and RU that are

11 The name of the unit will be written as it is used in the origin databases and in the Annex 1
the acronyms will be explained.



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highlighted by the research projects. Almost all the disciplines have a
relatively similar visibility so that prominent icons are not to be clearly
noticed.

According to the number of research projects, the central disciplines
are CHEMESTRY, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, CELLULAR BIOLOGY,
MATHEMATICS, MARINE BIOLOGY, GEOLOGY, and PHYSICS. It
is worth mentioning that there are projects that share these disciplines. The
disciplines in the extremes constitute in themselves poles of frequency of
important projects (see figure 3).

Interdisciplinary possibilities of  the disciplines associated to the area of  basic sciences

Next we present a heuristic exercise applied to the search of interdisciplinary
relations associated to the basic sciences. From a relational perspective, it
can be seen a region described in the long period between 1997 and 2005,
formed by a strong relation between the CIBCM and the BIOLOGY S., and
the MOLECULAR BIOLOGY and the CELLULAR BIOLOGY, where
the institutions appear as being of the same visibility (see figure 2); in the
2000-2004 period it is visible that the CIBCM is in the centre of a network
of disciplines; this can be due to the preponderance of the molecular and
cellular biology, but also due to the relation with the TECHNOBIOLOGY
and the VEGETAL GENETICS developed in the last years (see figure 4).

Similarly, a relation between certain disciplines such as PHYSICS,
MATHEMATICS and GEOLOGY with their school, with the exception
of the recent preponderance of the CIGEFI as a high multidisciplinary centre
converted in executor of asymbolic disciplines (see figure 4).

Now, inverting the research units and disciplines analysis made before,
it can be seen that the relations inscribed in the research projects show
certain characteristics of  interdisciplinary relations. We mean the fact that
the same discipline is practices by research units that not necessarily had
been visible in the basic sciences area.

In figure 4, the disciplines from the basic sciences are primarily related
to the disciplines from other areas and in a second term with the shared RU,
in both cases projects registered in the VI. This figure shows interaction



Convergencia, num. 42, September-December 2006, ISSN 1405-1435, UAEM, Mexico

184

possibilities between research units, that being from different areas, offer
interdisciplinary possibilities around disciplines, no matter the area. This is
possible due to the fact that projects inscribed in the basic sciences area
evoke disciplines from different areas, thanks to the mediation of the RU
where the projects have been inscribed. So, for example, from the perspective
of the disciplines, the FOOD TECHNOLOGY relates the RU as the
NUTRITION S., the CIITA, the CIHATA, and the INISA; but from the
perspective of  the RU, the PHYSICS S. relates the NAVAL
TECHNOLOGY with the PHYSICS (see figure 4).

Mapping research units and disciplines

Now we will analyze two aspects of the research dynamics in basic sciences,
one in regards to one discipline and the other to a research unit.

The Molecular and Cellular Biology Research Centre (CIBCM)

The two main disciplines practice at the CIBCM are molecular biology
and cellular biology; this is consistent to a long-term analysis 1977-2005
(see figure 5), as in the analysis in the 2000-2004 period (see figure 6).

With the information of  the projects developed between 2000 and 2004,
it is possible to see at low observation scale the association the researchers
have among them and with other research entities. So, it can be seen that
the RBA researcher centralizes a network of projects in the two main action
disciplines of CIBCM (MOLECULAR BIOLOGY and CELLULAR
BIOLOGY), and collaborates with a large number of colleagues from the
centre (see figure 7). It is possible to imply that this researcher is, to a
certain extent, the representative of  a phenomenon observed in both
periods; the long term period 1997-2005 (see figure 2) and in the 2000-
2004 period (see figure 3), as well as in the CIBCM analysis between 2000
and 2004 (see figures 5 and 6)

It is worth mentioning that in this observation exercise the
computational instrument allows us to move from scales and work in the
inter-representation of  entities at different times and scale dimensions.



Antonio Arellando & Henning Jensen, Mapping research networks in

basic sciences at University of Costa Rica

185

Chemistry at UCR

In regards to the disciplines, chemistry is the one with more visibility
that has been worked with between 1977 and 2005 at the research units, in
visibility order, the CELEQ, the SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY, the CICA
and the CIPRONA (see figure 8).

Between 2000 and 20004, CHEMISTRY was mainly practiced in the
same three units during the long term period mentioned above; nonetheless,
in this period the CICIMA becomes visible with three projects, as well as
the CIPRONA (see figure 9).

The main researchers on this discipline are Marta Montero Calderón
and Sandra Calderón Villaplana;  both of them have individual projects,
also, in collaboration they are developing the Project A1540 and their
institutional ambits belong to CELEQ and CICA, respectively (see figure
10). On the other hand, Jorge Campos Montero has developed more projects
than the other two researchers and institutionally his researches are inscribed
in three research centers. Conversely, the work of  Teres Somogyi Pérez is
of an individual character, there are not collaborative researches with other
scientists in his agenda. Anyhow, the analysis of  these researchers’ projects
shows that the heaviest work no CHEMISTRY is done at CELEQ, as it
appeared in the 1977 to 2005 analysis (see figures 8 and 9).

Conclusions

The University of Costa Rica was a consistent case of study for the
knowledge and exploitation of these computational assistants since their
two distinctive considerations present it as a disciplinary complex but
relatively small university, but, above all, it is useful for the study because it
has achieved creating great consistence of the classification categories and
the statistics of their research activities and the protection of its archive
patrimony.

Using the RL software, we have explored the complexity of the sources
and the data produced by the research institution of the University of Costa
Rica, to analyze the homogeneous networks represented graphically in the
area of  the basic sciences. The information provided has allowed us to



Convergencia, num. 42, September-December 2006, ISSN 1405-1435, UAEM, Mexico

186

distinguish in the most visible graphos the relevant actors and in the lines
the resulting relations of  the information intensity contained in the research
projects, and even in the small graphos as in the resulting ones from the
information from some researchers and significant situations for the
institution, as the case of the visibility of a researcher in a complex context.
The incorporation of  information in areas different to that of  the basic
sciences has shown the possible and feasible multidisciplinarity between
different research units and researchers.

The socio-technical reading of the projects registered between 1977
and 2005 account for the heterogeneous relational realities; so, we have
that there are regions formed by close relations between disciplines and
institutions in mathematics and physics, except that recently there is
supremacy of  the CIMPA in mathematics; a region formed between a
discipline and more than one institution, as the case of chemistry and a
research centre and a school; it can be appreciated a region of great
complexity of relations among disciplines as the case of molecular and
cellular biology, and a school of  biology and a research centre that includes
the two disciplines mentioned; and finally, it can be observed two research
centers (CIMAR and CICA) located egocentrically among different
disciplines.

Shortening the observation period to the rectorial period 2000-2004, it
can be seen that the most visible RU for the number of projects registered
were the CIBCM, the BIOLOGY S., the CIMPA, the SCHOOL OF
GEOLOGY, CIMAR, CICIMA and the CIGEFI; the rest of  the projects is
distributed among the other units. Almost all the disciplines have a relatively
similar visibility. According to the number of  research projects, the central
disciplines are CHEMISTRY, MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, CELLULAAR
BIOLOGY, MATHEMATICS, MARINE BIOLOGY, GEOLOGY and
PHYSICS.

From a rational perspective, between 1977 and 2005, it can be observed
a region formed by a strong interaction among the CIBCM and the SCHOOL
OF BIOLOGY and MOLECULAR BILOGY and CELLULAR BIOLOGY;
however, recently in the period 2000-2004) it is visible that the CIBCM is
in the middle of  a network of  relatively old disciplines as the cellular biology



Antonio Arellando & Henning Jensen, Mapping research networks in

basic sciences at University of Costa Rica

187

and the vegetal genetics, and of  recent development as the biotechnology
and molecular biology.

The recent emergence of the CIGEFI as a high multidisciplinary centre
turned into the executor of apparently asymbolic disciplines stands out.

In regards to the analysis of  the Molecular and Cellular Biology Research
Centre (CIBCM) we found that the two main disciplines practiced at the
CIBCM are the molecular and the cellular biology, this is consistent with
the long-term analysis 1977-2005, as with the analysis of  the period 2000-
2004. We have observed how the relations of  a researcher are representative
of the previous phenomenon.

In respect to the analysis of  chemistry, we observed that between 1977
and 2005 in the RU, in visibility order, the CELEQ, the SCHOOL OF
CHEMISTRY, CICA and the CIPRONA; however, between 2000 and 2004,
the CICIMA and CIPRONA become more visible. The analysis of the
projects of the researchers of more visibility shows that the heaviest work
on chemistry is done at the CELEQ as it could be seen in the analysis of
1997 to 2005.

In this work we have exposed the cognitive possibilities of the use of
computational assistants applied to the study of  the information from
research projects, with which the results of the textual and relational analyses
can be seen, and the integration of  qualitative and quantitative methods.
The exploitation of the computational assistant has made it possible to see
graphically the organization of the heterogeneous elements result from the
information databases on research projects, taken as a case the University
of Costa Rica.

It has also been done the double set in relation between the analysis of
different nature data that can express, visualize, structure and analyze data
networks from different entities expressed qualitatively and quantitatively;
with which we advance in the understanding of the knowledge and artifacts
elaboration processes, and advance in simultaneous knowledge of the
construction of  the science and the technology and the constructions of
the epistemology itself.



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188

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Annex 1. Research Units Glossary

CELEQ: Centro de Investigaciones en Electroquímica y Energía Química

—Electrochemistry and Chemical Energy Research Center—

CIBCM: Centro de Investigaciones en Biología Molecular y Celular.

—The Molecular and Cellular Biology Research Centre—

CICA: Centro de Investigaciones en Contaminación Ambiental.

—Environmental Pollution Research Centre—

CICIMA: Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencia e Ingeniería de Materiales.

—Materials Engineering and Science Research Centre——

CIGEFI: Centro de Investigaciones Geofísicas.

—Geophysics Research Centre—

CIHATA: Centro de Investigación en Hemoglobinas Anormales y Trastornos
Afines.



Convergencia, num. 42, September-December 2006, ISSN 1405-1435, UAEM, Mexico

192

—Abnormal hemoglobin’s and related disorders Research Centre——

CIITA: Centro Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos.

—National Centre of  Food Science and Technology—

CIMAR: Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias del Mar y Limnología.

—Limnology and Sea Sciences Research Centre—

CIMPA: Centro de Investigaciones en Matemáticas Puras y Aplicadas.

—Applied and Pure Mathematics Research Centre—

CIPRONA: Centro de Investigaciones en Productos Naturales.

—Natural Products Research Centre—

INISA: Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud.

—Health Research Centre—

E. BIOLOGIA (BIOLOGY S.)

—SCHOOL OF BIOLOGY—

E. FÍSICA (PHYSICS S.)

—SCHOOL OF PHYSICS—

E. GEOLOGIA (GEOLOGY S.)

—SCHOOL OF GEOLOGY—

E- MATEMÁTICAS (MATHEMATICS S.)

—MATHEMATICS SCHOOL—

E. NUTRICION  (NUTRIRION S.)

—SCHOOL OF NUTRITION—

E. QUÍMICA (CHEMISTRY S.)

—SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY—



Antonio Arellando & Henning Jensen, Mapping research networks in

basic sciences at University of Costa Rica

193

Antonio Arellano Hernández is a researcher from the Faculty of
Political Sciences and Public Administration of  the Autonomous University
of  the State of  Mexico. His lines of  research are: anthropology of  the techno-
science, epistemology and social technology. His most recent publication
is, along with Laura Morales; “Ética e investigación; hacia una política de
integridad tecnocientífica”, in REDES, vol. 11, num. 22, Universidad
Nacional de Quilmas, 2005.

Henning Jensen Pennington, Vice-Rector of  Research of  the
University of Costa Rica. His lines of research are: transcultural research in
psychology of  the early infant development, epistemology of  the social
sciences and psychoanalytic theory. His most recent publication is, along
with some other authors; “Cultural models, socialization goals, and parenting
ethnotheories. A multicultural analysis”, in Journal of  cross-cultural
psychology, March, vol. 37, num. 2, 2006.

Sent to dictum: August 24th, 2006

Approval: October 5th,  2006.



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194

Figure 1.
 Projects volume per research area at the UCR 1977-2004

1977-1980 

CIENCIAS BASICAS
CIENCIAS SOCIALES

80404

80094

77006

80015

CIENCIAS AGROALIMENTARIAS

INGENIERIA Y ARQUITECTURA

80403

80002

77001

79006

79401

7700777002

78001

78004

79005

80005

80008

80014

SALUD
80017

80046

80080

OTRAS AREAS

80011

 

1981-1984 

CIENCIAS BASICAS CIENCIAS SOCIALES

SALUD

CIENCIAS AGROALIMENTARIAS

SEDES REGIONALES ARTES Y LETRAS

INGENIERIA Y ARQUITECTURA

83132

84004

84069

84115

83403

83161

84113

83137

82415

84085

83412

84080

82412

84086

84089

83084

84063

84056

83013

84102

83416

82414

83400

83136

83122

83105

84011

82027

82006

84129

81415

8102983159

84148

84144

83016

83415

83057

81001

84140

84013

84014

84020

84109

83414

83127

84551
83110

83111

83118

83081

83121

83152

83123

83055

83129

83131

84408

84150

83058

83145

84021

81012

84087

84078
84075

84073

84082

83014
82064

82413

84114

84131

82026

82009

83006

84072

84041

82037

84105

82043

84038

84111

84098

84137

83010

84095

84090

82055

83068

81013

82032

83062

83047

83020

83023

83030

83032

83003

83036

83008

83054

83044

82023

81073

81137

8102781017

83050

83052

83034

83043

84121

84003

84067

84068

84070

84079

84083

84096

84101

84107

84108

84060

84112

84054

84125

84128

84130

84135

84136

84142

84143

84145
84149

84510

84110

84009

83104

83119

83130

83135

83141

83146

83147

83165

83166

83168

84066

UNIDADES DE APOYO 83086

84016

84025

84026

84028

84029

84031

84033

84037

84045

84048

84007

 

1985-1988 

CIENCIAS SOCIALES SALUD

CIENCIAS BASICAS

CIENCIAS AGROALIMENTARIAS
ARTES Y LETRAS

INGENIERIA Y ARQUITECTURA

SEDES REGIONALES

86075

86083

86121

87030

85077

88045

87056

86070

87011
88047

86062

86061

87014

86126

86128

88040

87002

86067

86073

8704587051

85083

87052

85040

87048

87055

85406

87040

87039

85012

86071

86080

87053
88007

87057
88006

86079

88029

87001

87058

87023

86093

87402

86104

86112

86117

86119

87043

86127

87042

87034

87020

86089
86054

88400

88403

88415

88404

88410

85402

86050

86051

85100

88414

88070

86055

86037

86060
88050

88412

88902

85076

88049
86059

85014

85099

88046

88044

87016

86029

87022

87021

87019

87017

87012

87015

87024

86034

86129

85027

87054 85055

85089
85098

87047

87041

87033 86011

87025

86023

87010

87032

87031

86025

87029
87028

86006

86056

86418

86103

86101

8609786096

86095

86091

86107

86052

86108

86077

86076

86074
86064

86072

86065

86068

86090

86122

87008

87007

87006

87003

86088

86130

86066

86105

86124

87009

86042

86118

86046

8611686114

86110

86109

86041

88004 88043

88042

88039

87098

88030

88554

88028

88027

88014

88565

88012

88048

88005
88031 88003

87904

87903

87601

87118

88420

88560

88423

88424

87140

87135
88009

88066

87075

87079
88402

88401

88068

88416

88064

88062

88411

87068

88052

88058

88057

87013

86030

86004

86003

8600185902

88422

85503

86033

86032

85405

85513

86012

86022

86020

85090

88418

86024

86028

86016

86009

86026

86027
86021

88419

86018

86010

88417

85024

85044

85043

85041

88567

85037

85036

85032

85031

85030

85029

85028

88568

85096

85025

85048

85022

85018

85017

85016

85015

88571

85013

88701

85008
85007

85006

85005

85004

85026

85065

8841385095

86058

88557

85084

85080

85079

85078

88561

88563

85074

85073

85069

85046

85059

88556

85049

85050

85052

85056

85068 85058

85067

85060

85061

85062

85063

85064

85047

85057

87105

87093

87094

87096

87018

87099

87100

87101

87102

8500388060

87104

87090

87106

87107

87108

87109

87110

87111

87112

87113

86404

87103

87082

87065

87066

87067

87070

87071

87073

87076

87044

87078

87092

87081

87091

87038

87083

87084

87085

87086

87087

87088

87089

87026

87120 87080

88054

87115

87146
87150

86094

87516

88001

86078

88008

86069

86098

86063

86099

87062

86057

86053

88069

86049

86048

86047

86043

88409
86040

88034

87130

86035

87121

87122

86123

8712487125

86120

87126

87127

87145

87129

87117

86113

87131

87133

87134

86106

87141

87142

87143

86102

87144

87128

 

1989-1992 

CIENCIAS SOCIALES SALUD

CIENCIAS BASICAS

CIENCIAS AGROALIMENTARIAS
ARTES Y LETRAS

INGENIERIA Y ARQUITECTURA

SEDES REGIONALES

86075

86083

86121

87030

85077

88045

87056

86070

87011
88047

86062

86061

87014

86126

86128

88040

87002

86067

86073

8704587051

85083

87052

85040

87048

87055

85406

87040

87039

85012

86071

86080

87053
88007

87057
88006

86079

88029

87001

87058

87023

86093

87402

86104

86112

86117

86119

87043

86127

87042

87034

87020

86089
86054

88400

88403

88415

88404

88410

85402

86050

86051

85100

88414

88070

86055

86037

86060
88050

88412

88902

85076

88049
86059

85014

85099

88046

88044

87016

86029

87022

87021

87019

87017

87012

87015

87024

86034

86129

85027

87054 85055

85089
85098

87047

87041

87033 86011

87025

86023

87010

87032

87031

86025

87029
87028

86006

86056

86418

86103

86101

8609786096

86095

86091

86107

86052

86108

86077

86076

86074
86064

86072

86065

86068

86090

86122

87008

87007

87006

87003

86088

86130

86066

86105

86124

87009

86042

86118

86046

8611686114

86110

86109

86041

88004 88043

88042

88039

87098

88030

88554

88028

88027

88014

88565

88012

88048

88005
88031 88003

87904

87903

87601

87118

88420

88560

88423

88424

87140

87135
88009

88066

87075

87079
88402

88401

88068

88416

88064

88062

88411

87068

88052

88058

88057

87013

86030

86004

86003

8600185902

88422

85503

86033

86032

85405

85513

86012

86022

86020

85090

88418

86024

86028

86016

86009

86026

86027
86021

88419

86018

86010

88417

85024

85044

85043

85041

88567

85037

85036

85032

85031

85030

85029

85028

88568

85096

85025

85048

85022

85018

85017

85016

85015

88571

85013

88701

85008
85007

85006

85005

85004

85026

85065

8841385095

86058

88557

85084

85080

85079

85078

88561

88563

85074

85073

85069

85046

85059

88556

85049

85050

85052

85056

85068 85058

85067

85060

85061

85062

85063

85064

85047

85057

87105

87093

87094

87096

87018

87099

87100

87101

87102

8500388060

87104

87090

87106

87107

87108

87109

87110

87111

87112

87113

86404

87103

87082

87065

87066

87067

87070

87071

87073

87076

87044

87078

87092

87081

87091

87038

87083

87084

87085

87086

87087

87088

87089

87026

87120 87080

88054

87115

87146
87150

86094

87516

88001

86078

88008

86069

86098

86063

86099

87062

86057

86053

88069

86049

86048

86047

86043

88409
86040

88034

87130

86035

87121

87122

86123

8712487125

86120

87126

87127

87145

87129

87117

86113

87131

87133

87134

86106

87141

87142

87143

86102

87144

87128

 

1993-1996 

CIENCIAS BASICAS CIENCIAS SOCIALES

CIENCIAS AGROALIMENTARIAS

SALUD

INGENIERIA Y ARQUITECTURA
ARTES Y LETRAS

SEDES REGIONALES

OTRAS AREAS

95903

96360

93571

94237

95568

95580

93263
93570

93905

95555

93268

95236
96286

94906

93306

96206

93298

93299

93301

94550

96220

93325

93308

93314

96217

96228

93322

93303

93277

96340

96337

93265

96332

96330

93269

93272

96273

96314

96260

93279
96293

96279

93287

94261

93292

96264

96261

96319

95271

95293

95292

94240
94238

95283 95282

93733

95581

95277

93583

94723

95252

95247

9420794212

95201

95212

93734

95560 94250

94248

93552
93554

95584

95582

95575

94600

93560

94575

93565

95551

93568
93569

95540

95537

94574

95603

93313

93228

9325196552

93242

96373

96903

93259

93225

96357

93574

93220

94572

93572

96585

95535

95545

95546

96584

96583

96582

95550

93567

95553

95543

95308

93586

94287

95301

93584

95304

95305

93219

93582

95538

94288

93579

94241

93577

93576

93222

93575

96590

96569

96580

93224

94244

95578

95579

94291

95585

95573

94565

95572

93347

96232

93346

96349

94270

95235

93339

95587

93562

95298

93566

94601

95558

95559

96578

95561

94569

94571

95554

95565

95566 95567

93223

93561

96576

94570

93564

95240

94282
95231

94210

94208

93204

93205

96802
96902 94206

95227
94904

94203

94902

96801

95248

94900

93216

95238

95216

95204

94224

95209

94223

94222

93201

94221

94213

94220

94233

94219

95202

95219

95220

95221

95223

95226

95214

95289

93911

95279

96733

96732

93213

93732

93214

93801

95288

95275

95290

96601

93215

96593

93601

93345

93589

95287

95264

95254

94724

95256

95257

96742

93903

95261

94275

95263

94560

95265

95266

94235

95270

93209

95273

95274

93902

96294

94297

93249
96287

93282
96289

94306

93280

96284

96364

94307

96295

93250

96297

96298

96299

96300

96301

96292

96275

96370

94312

96267

96268

96269
94557

93247

9628596274

96305

94262

96277

94308

96366

96280

96281

93284

96367

96351

96355

93266

94265

93257

96334

93264

96336

93278

96339

96327

96342

96343

93262

93261

96346

9634794304

94264

96315

93290

96306

93275

96308

96310

93274

96312

93267

96361

96328

96316

96318

96321

96322

94263

93270
94301

93276

93273

93320

94227
93327

96213

96562

93323

96561

96210

96219 93235

96263

96224

94255

93317

94256

93238

94320 96560

96565

94294
95602

93232
94252

95800

93333

96211

95902

94323

96200

94552

96203

94551

94295

96207

96208

93332

96255

93296

93297

93244

93243

94296

93239

96247

93300

93302

93305

96248

93241

96256

96259

93240

96262

96257

94313

94319

93310

96238

93245

93304

93311

94228

94245

94249

94253

94271

94251

94260

94247

94229

94246

94259

94254

93341

94273

94277

94234
94236

94276

94257

94278

94258

94230

94232

94231

94274

94268

94267

94242

94239

94272

94269

93295

93260

93271

93281

9328393285

93286

93289

93291

93344

93294

93255

93307
93309

93312

93315

93316

93318

93319

93324

93328

93293
93229

93203

93206

93207

93208

93211

93212

93217

93218

93221

93258

93227

93256

93230

93231

93233
93236

93246

93248

93252

93254

93331

93226

94201

93329

93708

93721

93803

9380493900
93901

93904 93909

93600

94200

93588

94202

94204

94205

94214

94215

94216
94217

94218

94225

93910 93555

94226

93334

93335

93336

93337

93338

93340

93343

94279

93705

93553

93330

93556

93557

93558

93559

93563

93573

93578

93580

93585

93551

96246

96239

96258

96254

96253

96252

96251

96266

96249

96270

96245

96244
96243

96242

96241 96313

96250

96288 95594

96307

96304

96303

96302

96296

96265

96290

9623796283

96282

96278

96276

96272

96271

96291

95601

96240

96205

96202

96201

95901

95900

96212

95604

96214

95600

95599

95598

95597
95596

95233

95718

96226

96236 96235

96234

96233

96231

96230

96209

96227

96320

96225

96222

96221

96218

96216

96215

96229

96571

96559

96581

96579

9657796575

96574

96588

96572

96589

96570

96568 96567
96566

96564

96311

96573

96738

96904

96901

96900

96803

96800

96741

96587

96739

96558

96736
96603

96602

96600

96592
96591

96740

96333

96563

96352

96350

96348

96345
96344

96354

96335

96356

96331

96329
96326

96325

96324

96323

96341

96369

96557

96555

96554

96553

96551

96550

96353

96371

95593

96368

96365

96363

96362

96359

96358

96372

94706

94567

95200

94907

94905

94903

94725

95205

9472195206

94703

94702

94701

94700

94573

95234

94722

95217

95595

95232

95230

95229

95225

95224

95203

95218

94566

95215
95213

95211

95210

95208

95207

95222

94290

94568

94303

94302

94300 94299

94298

94310

94292

94311

94289

94286

94285

94284

94283

94281

94293

94324

94564

94563

94562

94561

9455694555

94305

94553

95237

94322

94321

94318

94317

94315

94314

94554

95539

95307

95552

95549

95548

95547

95544

95557

95541
95562

95536

95533

95532

95531

95530

93200

9554295576

95592

95591

95590

95589
95588

95586

95556

95577

95306

95574

95571

95570

95569

95564

95563

95583

95249

95529

95262

9526095259

95258

95255

95268

95251

95269

95246
95245

95244

95242

9524195239

95253

95286

95302

95300
9529995297

95296

95295
95267

95291

9428095285

95284

95281

95280

95276

95272

95294

 

1997-2000 

CIENCIAS BASICAS CIENCIAS SOCIALES

SALUD

CIENCIAS AGROALIMENTARIAS

INGENIERIA Y ARQUITECTURA

ARTES Y LETRAS

SEDES REGIONALES

99216

97904

99728

99348

99373

99522
99523

99236

A0013

A0007

99250

99224

99272

99235

97324

99238

99342

99340

99248

99254

99255

99343

99503

99518

99257

99208

99516

98522

99901

98422

98902

98411

98410

98409

98397

99526

99268
99275

99274

99273
99271

99270

99269

99278

OTRAS AREAS

99263

99262

99277

99816

97515
A0036

99292

99316

98209

99204
9822098224

98225

98391

99290

98521

98013

A0153

99521

99297

A0042

99294

97525

99711

97600

98520

99210

97018

99207

99206

99205

98382

98381

98407
98234

97008

99285

98333

98336

98324

A0067

A0083

A0028

98341

A0030

98348

98344

98347

98408

A0107

98345

98519

98238

97519

98393

A0902

98514

A0117

97011

A0004

A0088

A0901

A0014

9831198003

99246

99261

99252

99251

97261

99243

97317

99230
9924999232

99233

97263

99225

97267

97259

97269

99356

99245

99309

97518

97279

99266

99355

97290

97218

99241

99242

97265

99220
99218

A0174

99219

A0501

99321

99506

99504

99319

97503

99215

99507

99258

98330

99222

99223

98376

99302

97335
97204

99221

97334

98412

98377

98415

98414
98417

98416

99244

98413

99259

99281

98396

99265

98406

99264

98387

98389

98507

98390

98395

99260

99283

98903

99234

99231

99229

98528

99228

99227 99226

98505

98742

99237

98906

98912

98914
99200

99203

99276

99209

99212

98706

98508

99240

98421

99279

98432

98434

98500
98501

98503

98517

98506
98516

98509

9851098511

99239
98512

99267

98515

98418

99202

97287

97268

97299
97298

97297

97296
972959729397292

97305

9728997309

97285

97284

97283

97281

97280

97277

97274

97509

97291

97344 98332

97358

97355

97352

97351

97350

97349
97348

97303

97345

97264

97336

97331

97330

97329

97326

97325

97323

97315

97347

97019

97270

97212

97211

97209

97208

97207
97206

97205

97216

97200

97219

97017

97015

97013

97012

97010

97009

97004

97003

97201
97234

97262

97260

97258

97256
97255

97253

97249

9724397215
97235

9751397233

97232

97228

97227

97226

97225

97223

97221

97240

98295

98283

98326

98325

98322

98312

98306

98305
98304

98329

98296

98331

98294

98292

98291

98290

98289

98288

98285

97502 98303

98346

98372

98371
98370

98366

98365

98364

98362

98359

98327

98349

98281

98343

98342

98340
98339

98338

98337

98335

98334

98350

97750

98284

98008

98007
98004

98002

98000

97905

97903

98011

97803

98210

97729

97711 97524 97523

97522

97521

97520

97516

97901

98237

98280

98278

98275

98270

98266

98261

98258

98251

98010

98239

98373

98235

98233

98230

98227

98218
98217

98215

98213

98246
A0025

A0150

A0500

A0701
A0015

A0016

A0017

99541

99539

A0020

99535

A0801

99530
99730

A0068
A0066

99508

99502

99284

A0098

99372

99371

A0109

A0110

A0124

A0021

A0006

99753

99907

A0168

A0085

99909

A0087

A0089

A0001

A0163

A0002

A0003

99720

A0091

A0010

A0080

99746

A0095

A0008

A0151

A0099

A0101

A0076

A0075

A0704

A0138

A0005

99301

A0524

A0113

99323

99320

A0116

99500

99310

99308

99307

A0041

A0900

99317

99300

99296

A0520

99291

99289

99288

A0519

99287

A0910

99286

99304

99333

99359

A0045

A0112

A0038

A0062

99341

A0034

A0031

99360
A0057

99354

A0516

97501

97507

97343

A0517

A0511

A0508

A0172

A0171
97504

A0509

97505

97506

A0510

A0514

97354

97340

97339

9734197338

97337

A0513

97346

97342

A0506

97500

A0515

97356

97333

97357

A0507

A0173
97359

A0502

97332

A0504

A0134

A0140

98205

98204
98203

98202

98201

98207

98014

98208

98012

A0135

A0136

A0137

98006

98005

A0154

98200

98216

A0125

98223
98222

98221

A0127

98219
98206

A0129

A0141

A0130

98214

A0131

98212
98211

A0132

A0133

A0128

97517

A0139

A0155

A0156

A0157

A0158

A0159

97705

A0161

97300

A0167

97514

A0169

97512

97511

97510

A0170

A0160

97801

A0142

A0144

A0145

A0146

97902

A0148

A0518

97802

97508

9780097738
97737

9773697735

97730

A0152
A0149

A0744

A0739

A0740

A0741

97231

97230

97302

A0742

97237

A0745

A0746
97224

A0748

97222

A0749

97229

A0736

97251

97250

A0735

97248

97247

97246

A0738

97244

97236

97242

97241

A0737

97239

97238

A0800

97245

A0832

97220

A0827

A0828

A0829

97016

A0830A0825 A0831
97202

A0833
A0835

A0903

97007

97006

A0906
97014

A0806

97254

97217

A0802

97214

97213

A0804

A0826

97210

A0750

A0807

A0812

A0813

A0814

A0824

97203

A0805

A0531

A0707
A0526

97304

A0527

97301

A0528

97307

A0530

97308

A0532

97294

A0700

A0703

A0705

97252

A0529

A0523

97327

A0521

A0522

97322

97321

97320

97306

9731897286

97316

97314

9731397312

97311

A0525

97319

A0728

97288

A0721

97266

A0722

A0723

A0724

A0719

A0727

A0718

A0729

A0731

97257

A0732

A0733

97328

A0725

A0716

A0708

A0709

A0710

97282

A0712
A0713

A0720

97278

A0734

97276

97275

A0717

97273

97272

97271

A0714

99754

99902

98526

98525

98524
99750

98529

99752

99748

99815

99819

99821
98513

99824

A0040

99751

98735

97002

98900

98744

98743

98741

99749

98737

99906

98733

98732

98728

98727
98718

98717

98738

98398

99827

A0027

A0029

98405

98404

A0024

98401

A0023

A0032

A0033

98392

A0035

A0037

98260

98403

98428 98502

98438

98437

98436
98435

A0026

A0009

98904

98427

98424

A0012

98420

A0018

A0019
98433

99349

99745

99326

99327

99329
99332

99253

99346

99324

99352

99353

99357

99358

99361

99362

99247

99311

99282

99280

99293

99298

99299

99325

99305

99365

99312
99313

99314

99315

99322

99256

99303

98913

99540

99542

99700

99708

99201

99363

98915

99211

98909

98908

98907

99741

98905

98380

99715

99510

99744

99366
99367

9936899369

99370

99538

99376

99537

99217

99511

99512

99214

99213

99364

99375

A0106

98263

98276

A0105

98274

98273

A0104

98271

98279

98269

98268

98267

A0108

98265

A0039

98272

A0097

98299

98298

A0090

A0092

98293

98277

A0096

98262

98287
98286

A0100

98282

A0102
A0103

A0094

A0121

98264

98241

98240

A0114

A0115

98243A0120

98244

98232
98231

A0122

98229

98228

A0123

98236

98252

98901

98259

98257

98256

98255
98242

98253
98302

A0111

98250

98249

98248

98247
98245

98254

98352

98300A0053

98358

98357

98355

98361

98353

A0052

98351

A0054

A0055

A0056A0058

A0059

98354

A0048

98379

A0043

A0044

98375

9837498360

A0047

A0063

98369

98368

A0049

A0050

A005198363

A0046

A0084

98319

98318

98317 98316
98314

A0060

A0082

A0081

98310

98309

98308

98307

A0086

98226

98313

A0074

98301

A0064

A0065

A0069

A0070

A0071

98320

A0073

98321

98328

A0077

A0078

A0079

98323
A0061

A0072

 

2000-2004 

CIENCIAS SOCIALES CIENCIAS BASICAS

SALUD

CIENCIAS AGROALIMENTARIAS

INGENIERIA Y ARQUITECTURA

ARTES Y LETRAS

SEDES REGIONALES

OTRAS AREAS

A1035

A1011

A2036

A4084

A2914

A3907

A3952

A2035

A2911

A3903

A4730

A1026

A4404

A1904

A4088

A3071

A4085

A1087

A3911

A2183

A4909

A3736

A4906

A4006

A4144

A2907

A4901

A2908

A2170

A3908

A2901

A1111

A2903

A2915

A3516

A2104

A3902

A3906

A3846

A3841

A2011

A3755A3756
A2051

A2047

A3768

A2037

A2013A3803

A1903

A2006

A2005

A3826

A1908

A1907

A2806
A3781

A1515

A4077

A4119

A4120

A1522

A1519

A4128

A1516

A1530

A4131

A4106

A4133

A4137

A1509

A1508

A4148

A4150
A4166 A4130

A4072

A4004

A4011

A4020

A4036

A1801

A1757

A1751

A4117

A4070

A1834

A1700

A2127

A4086

A4087

A4091

A1548

A1544

A4067

A2322

A3103

A3049

A3050

A2525

A2521

A2507

A2506

A2713

A2504

A2722

A3087

A2320

A2318

A3092

A3097

A3099

A3510

A2505

A2904

A2805
A2812

A2768

A2767 A2766

A2765

A2827

A3037

A2902

A2305

A2905

A2910

A2912

A2754

A2950
A2951

A3022

A2756

A2116

A2310

A3301

A3315

A3316

A2128

A1902

A3503

A2152

A3514

A3159

A3525

A3528

A2106 A3530

A2089

A3743

A3747

A4170

A3141

A3114

A3116

A3128

A3129

A3130

A2171

A2165

A3300

A3140

A2058

A3142

A3145

A3149

A2160

A3155

A2156

A3158

A3139

A4758

A1015

A1017

A1040

A4778

A4318A1038

A1023

A1107

A1077

A4704

A4316

A4512

A1061

A1072

A4315

A1094

A1027

A4407

A4767

A4311

A4304

A4765

A4502

A1042

A4748

A1082

A4323

A4905

A4745

A4744
A4908

A4811

A1119

A4910

A2159

A1064
A2157

A1062

A1063

A2182

A2155

A2158

A2184

A2181

A2154

A1059

A2153

A1066

A2185

A2150

A2149

A2148
A1067

A1068

A1065

A2178
A1047

A1049

A2174

A2173

A2175
A2172

A1050

A2176

A1051

A2177

A2168

A2161

A2139

A1060

A2179

A1052

A1053

A1054

A1056

A2180

A1058

A2164

A2163

A1048

A2162

A2166

A2167

A2110

A1075

A2105
A1080

A1079

A2107

A2108

A2103

A2109

A2102

A2111

A2112
A2113

A2114

A2115

A2141A1078

A2095

A2086

A2087

A2088

A2090
A2091

A2092

A1081

A2094

A2117

A2096

A2097

A2098
A2099

A2100

A2101

A2093

A2140

A1076

A1070

A1069

A2135

A2136

A2137

A2133

A2312

A2132

A1046

A2142

A2143

A2144

A2145

A2146

A2138

A2125

A2118

A2119

A1074

A2120

A2121

A2122

A2134

A2124

A2147

A1073

A2126

A1071

A2129

A2130

A2131

A2123

A2738

A2711

A2731

A2732

A2733

A2735

A2727

A2737

A1024

A2739

A2740

A2741

A2742

A2743
A2746

A2736

A2720

A1044

A1028

A2715

A2716

A2717

A2729

A2719

A2750

A2721

A1025

A2723A2724 A2725

A2726

A2718

A1004

A2758

A2759

A1005

A2760

A2761

A2747

A2763

A1009

A1003

A1002

A2801

A2802

A2803
A2804

A2762

A1018

A2710

A2751

A2752

A1022

A2753
A1021

A2757

A1019
A1007

A1014
A2755

A1013

A1012

A1010

A2748

A1020

A2326

A2712

A2319

A1039

A2321

A1037

A2317

A2325

A2316

A2500

A2501
A2502

A2503

A1036

A1034

A2324

A2085

A2303

A2304

A1045

A2306
A2307

A1041

A2309

A2511

A2311

A2078 A1043

A2313A2314
A2315

A2308

A2701

A2528

A2529

A2530
A2531

A2532

A1033

A2533

A1030
A2702

A2703

A2704

A2707

A2708

A2709

A1029

A2518

A2302

A1032

A2512

A2513

A2514

A2515

A2527

A2517

A2526

A2519

A2520

A1031

A2522

A2524

A2510

A2516

A1708

A1124

A1551

A1552

A1553

A1554

A1812

A1123

A1127

A1718

A1721
A1722

A1122

A1723

A1121

A1701

A1546

A1538

A1539

A1540A1541

A1542

A1543

A1125

A1545

A1126

A1547

A1129

A1549

A1550

A1128

A1727

A1130

A1805

A1724
A1758

A1759

A1760

A1762

A1802

A1755

A1804

A1754

A1806

A1807

A1808

A1809

A1810

A2080

A1803

A1740

A1535

A1728

A1729

A1730

A1732

A1734

A1120

A1739

A1725 A1741

A1744

A1745

A1746

A1747

A1752

A1738

A1503

A1510

A1174

A1175

A1500

A1501

A1154

A1172

A1153

A1171

A1504

A1506

A1152

A1507

A1151

A1537

A1502

A1164

A1158

A1159

A1160

A1156

A1161
A1162

A1173

A1155

A1511

A1165

A1166

A1167A1168

A1169

A1170

A1163
A1132

A1150

A1136

A1525

A1133

A1526

A1527

A1524

A1529

A1523

A1531

A1532
A1533

A1534

A1131

A1813

A1528

A1141

A1512

A1146

A1513

A1514

A1145

A1144

A1137

A1142

A1536

A1140

A1517

A1518

A1139

A1521

A1138

A1143

A2045

A2039
A2040

A2041 A2042
A1091

A1811

A2044

A1093

A2046

A1090

A2048

A2049

A2050

A1089

A2043

A2029

A2022

A2023

A2024

A2025

A2026

A2027

A2038

A2028

A1092

A2030

A1095

A2031

A2032

A2033

A2053

A1096

A2077

A2052

A1083

A2071

A2072

A2073

A2074

A2069A2076

A2068

A1157

A2079

A1900

A2081

A2082

A2083

A2075

A2060

A2017

A2054A2055

A2056

A2057

A1086

A2070

A1085

A1088

A2062
A2063

A1084

A2065

A2066

A2067

A2059

A1113

A1838
A1831

A1832

A1116

A1833

A1115

A1117

A1114

A1829

A1112

A1110

A1109A1836

A1108

A2019

A1835

A1118

A1814

A1815

A1816

A1817

A1818

A1819

A1830

A1822

A1106

A1823

A1824A1825

A1826

A1827

A1828

A1820

A2010

A1837

A2003
A2004

A1099

A1098

A2007

A2001

A2009

A1909

A1097

A2012

A2014

A2015

A2016
A2084

A2008

A1104

A1839A1840

A1841

A1842

A1105

A1843

A2002

A3031

A2018

A1103

A1102

A1905

A1906

A1101

A1100

A1844

A4108

A4099

A4100

A4101

A4102

A4103
A4104

A4071

A4107

A4096

A4109

A4111

A4112

A4113

A4114

A4115

A4116

A4105

A4083

A4169

A4074

A4075

A4076

A4078

A4079

A4080

A4098

A4082

A4097

A4089
A4090

A4092

A4093 A4094

A4095

A4122

A4081

A4160

A4118

A4151

A4152

A4154

A4155

A4156

A4157

A4147

A4159

A4146

A4161

A4162

A4163

A4164

A4165A4167

A3832

A4158

A4135

A4069

A4123

A4124

A4125

A4126

A4127

A4129

A4149

A4134 A4121

A4138

A4139

A4140

A4141

A4142

A4143

A4145

A4132

A4019

A4009

A4010

A4012

A4013

A4014

A4015

A4073
A4017

A4002

A4021

A4022

A4023

A4024

A4025

A4026

A4027

A4016

A3843

A3029

A3834

A3835

A3836

A3837

A3838

A3839

A4008

A3842

A4003

A3844

A3845

A3847

A3901

A3904
A4001

A4030

A3840

A4060

A4028

A4052

A4053

A4054

A4055

A4056

A4057

A4050

A4059

A4049

A4061

A4062

A4063
A4064

A4065

A4066

A4068

A4058

A4040

A4173

A4031

A4032

A4033

A4034

A4035
A4037

A4051

A4039

A4029

A4041

A4042A4043

A4044

A4046

A4047

A4048

A4038

A4740

A4729

A4732

A4733

A4735

A4736

A4737

A4705

A4739

A4726

A4741

A4742

A4743

A4746

A4747

A4749A4750

A4738

A4717

A4168

A4707
A4709

A4710

A4712

A4713

A4714

A4728

A4716

A4727

A4719

A4721
A4722

A4723

A4724

A4725

A4753

A4715

A4809

A4751

A4776

A4800

A4802

A4803

A4804

A4805

A4774

A4807

A4773

A4810

A4812

A4814

A4815

A4816

A4902

A4904

A4806

A4763

A4702

A4754

A4755

A4756

A4757

A4759

A4760

A4775

A4762

A4752

A4764

A4766

A4768

A4769

A4770

A4771

A4772

A4761

A4307

A4194

A4195

A4196

A4301

A4302

A4303

A4706

A4306

A4191

A4308

A4309

A4310

A4312 A4313

A4314

A4317

A4305

A4184

A4174

A4175

A4176

A4177

A4178

A4179

A4180

A4193

A4182 A4192
A4185

A4186

A4187

A4188

A4189

A4190

A4321

A4181

A4511

A4319

A4501

A4504

A4505
A4506

A4507

A4508

A4408

A4510
A4406

A4513

A4514

A4515

A4516

A4517

A4518

A4700

A4509

A4332

A3831

A4322

A4324

A4326
A4327

A4328

A4329

A4500

A4331

A4320

A4333

A4334

A4400

A4401

A4402

A4403

A4405

A4330

A3091

A3082

A3083

A3084

A3085

A3086

A3088

A3060

A3090

A3078

A3093

A3094

A3095
A3096

A3098

A3100

A3101

A3089

A3070

A3157

A3062

A3063

A3064

A3065

A3066

A3067

A3081
A3069

A3080

A3072

A3073

A3074

A3075

A3076A3077

A3105

A3068

A3144

A3102

A3132

A3133

A3134

A3135

A3136

A3137

A3127

A3143

A3126

A3146

A3147

A3150

A3151

A3153

A3154

A3833

A3138

A3118

A3059

A3106

A3107

A3109

A3110

A3111

A3113

A3131

A3117

A3104

A3119

A3120

A3121

A3122

A3123

A3124

A3125A3115

A3007A2916

A2917

A3001

A3002

A3003

A3004

A3061

A3006

A2830

A3008

A3009

A3010

A3011

A3012

A3013

A3014

A3005

A2821
A2809

A2810

A2813

A2814

A2816

A2817

A2818

A2906

A2820

A2831

A2822

A2823

A2824

A2826

A2828

A2829

A3018

A2819
A3051

A3016

A3041

A3042

A3043

A3044

A3045

A3046 A3039

A3048
A3038

A3052

A3053

A3054

A3055
A3056

A3057

A3058

A3047

A3028

A3160

A3019

A3020

A3021

A3023

A3024

A3025

A3040

A3027

A3017

A1001

A3030

A3032

A3033

A3034

A3035

A3036

A3026

A3761

A3751

A3752

A3753

A3754

A3757

A3758

A3728

A3760

A3748

A3762

A3763

A3765

A3766

A3767

A3769

A3770

A3759

A3739

A3156

A3730A3731

A3732

A3733

A3734

A3735

A3750

A3738

A3749

A3740

A3741

A3742

A3744

A3745

A3746

A3773

A3737

A3822

A3771

A3814

A3815

A3816

A3817

A3818

A3819

A3812

A3821

A3811

A3823

A3824

A3825

A3827

A3828

A3829

A3830

A3820

A3802

A3727

A3774

A3775

A3777

A3778

A3779

A3780

A3813

A3801

A3772

A3804

A3805

A3806

A3807

A3808

A3809

A3810

A3782

A3504

A3318

A3401

A3402

A3403

A3404

A3500

A3729

A3502

A3313

A3505

A3506

A3507

A3508

A3509

A3511

A3512

A3501

A3306

A3161
A3162

A3163

A3164

A3165

A3302

A3303

A3317

A3305
A3314

A3307

A3308

A3309

A3310

A3311

A3312

A3518

A3304

A3719

A3513

A3710
A3711

A3713

A3714

A3715

A3716

A3707

A3718

A3706

A3720A3721

A3722
A3723

A3724

A3725

A3726

A3717

A3529A2808

A3519

A3520

A3521

A3522

A3523

A3524

A3709

A3527

A3517

A3531

A3532

A3701

A3702

A3703

A3704

A3705

A3526

 

Symbology by areas: 

Agroalimentary 1 

Arte 2 

Basic Sciences 3 

Social Sciences 4 

Engineery & architecture 5 

Health 6 

Regional branches 7 

 

 

 

Source: own elaboration from the data on research projects (VI, 2005).



A
ntonio A

rellando &
 H

enning Jensen
, M

apping research netw
ork

s in

basic sciences at U
niversity of C

osta R
ica

195

Figure 2.

 Disciplines and Research Unites in basic sciences (1977-2005)

 

CIBCM CIMAR

E.BIOLOGIA

MATEMATICAS

E.FISICA

QUIMICA

E.GEOLOGIA

CELEQ

CIGEFI

CIPRONA

BIOLOGIA CELULAR

GEOLOGIA

BIOLOGIA MOLECULAR

FISICA

E.QUIMICA
E.MATEMATICA

CICA

CIMM

CIENCIAS BIOLOGICAS

CIMPA

BIOLOGIA MARINA

CICIMA

QUIMICA  ANALITICA

BOTANICA

OCEANOGRAFIA

AGRONOMIA

GENETICA

CIEMIC

CICANUM

ZOOLOGIA

BIOTECNOLOGIA

PESCA Y FAUNA SILVESTRE

CINESPA

GEOFISICA

FITOPATOLOGIA

FISICA NUCLEAR

BIOQUIMICA

CIENCIAS DEL MAR

LEBI MATEMATICA APLICADA
FISICA QUIMICA

MICROBIOLOGIA

METEOROLOGIA

FISICA DEL ESTADO SOLIDO

SILVICULTURA

CETEC

BIOLOGIA HUMANA

HIDROLOGIA

INGENIERIA Y TECNOL. QUIMICA

CIENCIAS AMBIENTALES

VIROLOGIA

QUIMICA DE PRODUCTOS NATURALES

CLIMATOLOGIA

GEOGRAFIA

J.LANKESTER

CIENCIAS AGRICOLAS

QUIMICA DE LA AGRICULTURA

INGENIERIA Y TECNOL AMBIENTAL

ENTOMOLOGIA

ZOOTECNIA

FISICA TEORICA

LIMNOLOGIA

INMUNOLOGIA

ASTRONOMIA Y ASTROFISICA

FISICA MOLECULAR

TECNOLOGIA DE ALIMENTOS

CIENCIAS DE LA TIERRA Y ESPACI

ANALISIS Y ANALISIS FUNCIONAL

ELECTROMAGNETISMO

GENETICA VEGETAL

BIOLOGIA

ALGEBRA

ESTADISTICA

CIENCIAS ATMOSFERICAS

INFORMATICA

EDAFOLOGIA

TEORIA Y METODOS EDUCATIVOS

QUIMICA ORGANICA

TAXONOMIA

ECOLOGIA

FARMACOLOGIA

PATOLOGIA

HORTICULTURA

MEDICINA Y CIRUGIA
TOXICOLOGIA

SISMOLOGIA

INGENIERIA INDUSTRIAL

GEOMETRIA

TECNOLOGIA PESQUERA

ANALISIS NUMERICO

NUCLEONICA

QUIMICA INORGANICA

CIENCIAS DE LA INGENIERIA

PEDAGOGIA

INGENIERIA Y TECNOL. ELECTRICA

QUIMICA FISICA

ACUSTICA

PSIQUIATRIA

CIENCIAS CLINICAS

TECNOLOGIA DE LA MADERA

TOPOLOGIA

TECNOLOGIA DE MATERIAS

CIENCIAS MEDICAS

ORG IND Y POLITICA PUBLICA
HIGIENE PUBLICA

VETERINARIA

OPTICA

MANEJO DE PLAGAS

PROBABILIDAD

TECNOLOGIA METALURGICA

TECNOLOGIA NAVAL

HISTORIA

MEDICINA INTERNA

MEDICINA PREVENTIVA

TECTONICA

INGENIERIA Y TECNOL MECANICA

SOCIOLOGIA

HISTORIAS ESPECIALIZADAS

CITOGENETICA

CONSERVACION RECURSOS SUELOS

ORGAN Y ADMINIST DE EMPRESAS

POBLACION Y EVOLUCION DEMOGRAF

TEORIA DE NUMEROS

PALEONTOLOGIA

EPIDEMIOLOGIA

GENETICA HUMANA

GEOGRAFIA REGIONAL

TERMODINAMICA

BACTERIOLOGIA

ECONOMIA SECTORIAL

CAMBIO SOCIAL Y DESARROLLO

ELECTRONICA

ELECTROQUIMICA

VULCANOLOGIA

BIOMATEMATICAS

BIOMETRIA

ARQUEOLOGIA

BIOFISICA

BELLAS ARTES

ASTRONOMIA OPTICA

UNIDADES Y CONSTANTES

TECNOLOGIA MEDICA
ARQUITECTURA

PSICOLOGIA EDUCATIVA

MEDICINA PROFESIONAL

MEDICINA FORENSE

MECANICA

OPINION PUBLICA

LINGUISTICA

INVESTIGACION OPERATIVA

HISTORIA GENERAL

ORGANIZ Y PLANIF DE LA EDUCACI

GRUPOS SOCIALES

GEODESIA

PERCEPCION REMOTA APLICADA

FISIOLOGIA

ECONOMIA DE CAMBIO TECNOLOGICO

FISICA DE FLUIDOS

TECNOLOGIA ELECTRONICA

FARMACODINAMICA

EVALUACION Y MEDIDA EN PSICOLO

ESTUDIOS SOCIALES

ECONOMIA GENERAL

ECONOMETRIA

QUIMICA CLINICA

QUIMICA NUCLEAR

TECNOLOGIA BIOQUIMICA

TECNOLOGIA DE COMPUTADORES

CIENCIAS DE LA NUTRICION

TECNOLOGIA DE LA CONSTRUCCION

PLANIFICACION URBANA

: Own elaboration from databases of the VI of the UCR (VI, 2005).



C
onvergencia, num

. 42, Septem
ber-D

ecem
ber 2006, ISSN

 1405-1435, U
A

E
M

, M
exico

196 Figure 3.

Disciplines and Research Units in basic sciences (2000-2004)

 

CIENCIAS BASICAS
CIBCM

E.BIOLOGIA

CIMPA

E.GEOLOGIA

CIMAR

BIOLOGIA CELULAR

QUIMICA

CICANUM

CELEQ

BIOLOGIA MOLECULARCICIMA

CICA

MATEMATICAS

CIMM

E.QUIMICA

FISICA
BIOLOGIA MARINA

CIGEFI

GEOLOGIA

CIPRONA
LEBI

CINESPA

J.LANKESTER

E.FISICA

MATEMATICA APLICADA

FISICA NUCLEAR

BOTANICA

CIEMIC

AGRONOMIA

FISICA MOLECULAR

BIOLOGIA HUMANA

BIOLOGIA

BIOQUIMICA

MICROBIOLOGIA

MEDICINA Y CIRUGIA

FISICA QUIMICA

PSIQUIATRIA

INGENIERIA INDUSTRIAL

GEOFISICA

ASTRONOMIA Y ASTROFISICA

TECNOLOGIA NAVAL

ELECTROQUIMICA

INGENIERIA Y TECNOL. QUIMICA

SOCIOLOGIA

GENETICA VEGETAL

HORTICULTURA

SISMOLOGIA

CAMBIO SOCIAL Y DESARROLLO

TAXONOMIA

BIOTECNOLOGIA

QUIMICA NUCLEAR

TECNOLOGIA DE LA MADERA

TECNOLOGIA DE ALIMENTOS

QUIMICA DE PRODUCTOS NATURALES

QUIMICA DE LA AGRICULTURA

ESTADISTICA

CIENCIAS AMBIENTALES

CIENCIAS DEL MAR

MEDICINA PROFESIONAL

LIMNOLOGIA

INGENIERIA Y TECNOL MECANICA

INGENIERIA Y TECNOL AMBIENTAL

CLIMATOLOGIA

HISTORIA GENERAL

HIGIENE PUBLICA

GEOGRAFIA REGIONAL

ZOOLOGIA

CIENCIAS AGRICOLAS

Source: Own elaboration from databases of the VI of UCR.



A
ntonio A

rellando &
 H

enning Jensen
, M

apping research netw
ork

s in

basic sciences at U
niversity of C

osta R
ica

197

Figure 4

. disciplines and Research Unites related to basic sciences (2000-2004)

Source: Own elaboration from databases of the VI of UCR (VI, 2005).



C
onvergencia, num

. 42, Septem
ber-D

ecem
ber 2006, ISSN

 1405-1435, U
A

E
M

, M
exico

198 Figure 5

. Projects and disciplines developed at the CIBCM (2000-2004)

 

CIBCM
BIOLOGIA MOLECULAR

BIOLOGIA CELULAR

GENETICA

VIROLOGIA
FITOPATOLOGIA

BIOTECNOLOGIA

AGRONOMIA

99224

BIOLOGIA HUMANA

80404

86067

A5513

95540

93554

98238

95201

95581

95582

A3516

A3071

99222

99223

99225

99292 99504

99506

A1087

97011

82415

92560

BOTANICA

80015

86119

GENETICA VEGETAL

BIOLOGIA

INMUNOLOGIA

86101

98500

98507

98914

84098

84075

84014

86103

83110

99530

99539
A0076

A0087

77001

A0519
79401

A1508

83111

90041

93205

91584

91578

91577

93561

A0524

91553

A1509

98235

90567

98237

95559

87010

96582
96583

97003

97502

97521

98010

95265

95266

A4067

A2504

A2506

A5517A2521

A2525
A2806

A2310

BIOQUIMICA

A2505

A4323

A4502

A4512

A1515

A5520
A5518

A3316

A1522

A1516

A2507

A1519

A1751
A1801

A1548

A1530

MICROBIOLOGIA

VETERINARIA
93553

90565

BACTERIOLOGIA

A5709

TAXONOMIA

ZOOLOGIA

94905

QUIMICA DE PRODUCTOS NATURALES

QUIMICA DE LA AGRIC

90556

90555

86102

GENETICA HUMANA

87107

96579
87108

90551

90042

90721

A2528 A1506

A0515

A0514A0504

A0149

A0141

A0140
A0139

99715
A5085

A2038

A5506

A2813

98293
A4174

A5504

A1052

95583

A5010

98236

A3810

A3508

A5009

99537

ZOOTECNIA

SISMOLOGIA

QUIMICA CLINICA

PSIQUIATRIA

PATOLO

MEDICINA PROFESIONAL

MEDICINA PREVENTIVA

BELLAS ARTES

FISIOLOGIA

CIENCIAS AGRICOLAS

CIENCIAS BIOLOGICAS

CIENCIAS MEDICAS

CITOGENETICA

CONSERVACION RECURSOS SUELOS

FISICA DE FLUIDOS

MEDICINA Y CIRUGIA

Source: Own elaboration from databases of the VI of UCR.



A
ntonio A

rellando &
 H

enning Jensen
, M

apping research netw
ork

s in

basic sciences at U
niversity of C

osta R
ica

199

Figure 6

. Projects and disciplines at the CIBCM (2000-2004)

 

CIBCM
BIOLOGIA CELULAR

BIOLOGIA MOLECULAR

A1087

A3071

A3516

A1530

A3316

A1548A1751

A1801

A2521

A1519

A2507

A2506

A2505

A2504

A2525

A2310

A4067

A2806

A4323

A4502

A4512

A1516

BIOLOGIA HUMANA
A1515

A1509

A1508

A1522

A1506

A2038

A1052

A2813

A3508

A3810

A4174

BIOLOGIA

BOTANICA
GENETICA VEGETAL

A2528

TAXONOMIA

BIOTECNOLOGIA

MEDICINA PROFESIONAL

SISMOLOGIA

Source: Own elaboration from databases of the VI of UCR.



C
onvergencia, num

. 42, Septem
ber-D

ecem
ber 2006, ISSN

 1405-1435, U
A

E
M

, M
exico

200 Figure 7.

Projects, researchers and Research Units from CIBCM (2000-2004)

 

BIOLOGIA CELULAR

ROJAS BOURRILLON AUGUSTO

BIOLOGIA MOLECULAR

A1509

SOTO MURILLO HENRY WALT

A1508

GUEVARA BERGER ERIC
A3071

ESPINOZA ESQUIVEL ANA M.

SALOM ECHEVERRIA ROBERTO

RAMSBOTTON VALVERDE ROSEMILE

LEPE JORQUERA IVONNEA2528

VARGAS CASTRO WILLIAM

LIZANO GONZALEZ SERGIO

A1530

QUIROS VARGAS CLAUDIA

GARCIA CORTES VERA

A3516
A2521

MELENDEZ RODRIGUEZ LADY

CASTRO ARAYA VICTOR

BIOLOGIA HUMANA

FERNANDEZ ROJAS WALTER

SPRINGER . MONIKA

UMAÑA VILLALOBOS GERARDO

BIOTECNOLOGIA

TAXONOMIA

SOLORZANO CAMPOS EDWIN

HERRERO URIBE LIBIA

VALLE BOURROUET GRETTEL

A1801

GARCIA FALLAS JACKELINE

LOPEZ SUBIROS MARTA EUGE

VALLADARES MENDOZA BLANCA

KUSSMAUL RUF SIEGFRIED

GENETICA VEGETAL

A4067

A1506

CARAZO ROJAS ELIZABETH

VALVERDE GOMEZ EDGAR

A3316

A0149

A2525

A0515

SISMOLOGIA

QUESADA CAMACHO JUAN RAFAESEGNINI BOZA MARIO

PEREZ CASTILLO ANA GABRIE

A4512

RAVENTOS VORST HENRIETTE

A0519

A3810

AGUILAR PEREIRA JOSE F.

GONZALEZ MAGDALENA JOSE RAMON

PAEZ PORTUGUEZ JORGE E.

GUIDO CRUZ FRANCISCO
ORTIZ VARGAS RODOLFO

A4323

BARBOZA RETANA FELIX A.

RUCAVADO ROMERO ALEXANDRA

BOSCHINI FIGUEROA CARLOS

PANIAGUA PEREZ SERGIO ALE

A2813

A1751

ARAUZ CAVALLINI LUIS

Source: Own elaboration from databases of the VI of UCR (VI, 2005).



A
ntonio A

rellando &
 H

enning Jensen
, M

apping research netw
ork

s in

basic sciences at U
niversity of C

osta R
ica

201

Figure 8.

 Research units and projects on CHEMESTRY

 

QUIMICA
CELEQ

E.QUIMICA

CIPRONA

CICA

QUIMICA  ANALITICA

CETEC

99518

99263
99262

A2036

99207

99206

93259

88070

92250

99285

97290

92240

INII

CICIMA

97292

97211

99264
99265

99279

99283

A3158

A4077

99284

99286

99287

99288

99289

A3159

99281

A1077

89011
9159592210

INGENIERIA Y TECNOL. QUI

ICP

92265

A2058

93223

96219

CIET

CIEDES

98266

94282

95238

FISICA QUIMICA

QUIMICA INORGANICA

A1075A0136

A1064
A1041

A1031

A1020

A1088

A0156

A0152

A1085

A0137

A1010

A0509

A0159

A0800

96254

80011

86030

87516

88409

89077
89422

90059

98375

93291

A0073

97210

98314

A1158

98379

98737

99282

A0033

92249

A5136

A4081

A4093

A4094

A4098

A4156

A4515

A1501

A5013

A2056

A5045

A4048

A5102

A4516

A5137

A5149

E.FISICA

FITOPATOLOGIA
MICROBIOLOGIA

PLANIFICACION URBANA

QUIMICA DE PRODUCTOS NATURALES

QUIMICA ORGANICA

S.R.A

TAXONOMIA
TECNOLOGIA DE LA MADERA

A5071

A2118

A2057

78001

A5014

A1540

A4042

A1805

A1513

A1806

A1816

A1812

A1541

A2112

TOXICOLOGIA

A3020

A3043

A3110

A3111

A3137

A3745

A3825

A4001

A4009

A4016

A4024

A2072

S.R.O

SALUD PUBLICA

TECNOLOGIA DE COMPUTADORES

TECNOLOGIA MEDICA

BIOQUIMICA

TECNOLOGIA DE MATERIAS

QUIMICA FIS

INGENIERIA Y TECNOL AMBIENTAL

FISICA

ECOLOGIA

CIENCIAS DE LA NUTRICION

BIOTECNOLOGIA
BIOLOGIA HUMANA

BIOLOGIA CELULAR

BIOLOGIA AGRONOMIA

CIENCIAS BIOLOGICAS

Source: Own elaboration from databases of the VI of UCR (VI, 2005).



C
onvergencia, num

. 42, Septem
ber-D

ecem
ber 2006, ISSN

 1405-1435, U
A

E
M

, M
exico

202 Figure 9

. Projects and Research Units where CHEMISTRY is practiced

 

QUIMICA
CELEQ

E.QUIMICA

CICA

A2036

CIPRONA

A3159

A2058

A4077

CIEDES

A1077

ICP

A3158

CICIMA

A1158

A2072

A2112

A2118

A2057

A2056

A3020

A1816

A1812

A1806

A1805

A1541

A1540

A3043

A1501

A1088

A1085

A1075

A1064

A1041

A1031

A1020

A1513

A4093

S.R.A

PLANIFICACION URBANA

A4516

A4515

A4156

A3745

A4094

A3110

A4081

A4048

A1010

A4024

A4016

A4009

A4001

A3825

A4042

A3111

A4098

A3137

S.R.O

QUIMICA DE PRODUCTOS NATURALES

MICROBIOLOGIA

FISICA

BIOLOGIA

TOXICOLOGIA

BIOLOGIA CELULAR

Source: Own elaboration from databases of the VI of UCR (VI, 2005).



A
ntonio A

rellando &
 H

enning Jensen
, M

apping research netw
ork

s in

basic sciences at U
niversity of C

osta R
ica

203

Figure 10

. Projects, Researchers and Research Units of  CHEMISTRY (2000-2004)

Source: Own elaboration from de databases of the VI of UCR (VI, 2005).