Special Supplement to the

Vol. 98, No. 8, August 2017



Editors

Chapter Editors

AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY

Technical Editor



98

98

98



—J. A. Amador, H. G. Hidalgo, 
E. J. Alfaro, A. M. Durán-Quesada, B. Calderón,  N. Mora, 
and D. Arce

FIG. 7.8. (a) 2016 mean temperature anomalies (°C; 
1981–2010 base period) over Mexico and (b) 2016 pre-
cipitation anomalies (% of normal). (Source: National 
Meteorological Service of México.)

FIG. 7.7. Nationwide daily temperatures (°C; 1981–2010 
base period) for Mexico in 2016. Shaded areas repre-
sents the ±2 std. dev. Solid lines represents daily values 
for the three temperature parameters and dotted lines 
are the climatology. (Source: National Meteorological 
Service of México.)

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FIG. 7.9. Mean surface temperature (Tm; °C) frequency (F; days) and accumulated pentad precipitation (AP; 
mm) time series are shown for nine stations (blue dots) in Central America: (1) Philip Goldson International 
Airport, Belize; (2) Puerto Barrios, Guatemala; (3) Puerto Lempira, Honduras; (4) Puerto Limón, Costa Rica; (5) 
Tocumen International Airport, Panama; (6) David, Panama; (7) Liberia, Costa Rica; (8) Choluteca, Honduras; 
and (9) Puerto San José, Guatemala. The blue solid line represents the 1981–2010 average values and the red 
solid line shows 2016 values. Vertical dashed lines show the mean temperature for 2016 (red) and the 1981–2010 
period (blue). Vectors indicate July wind anomalies at 925 hPa (1981–2010 base period). Shading depicts regional 
elevation (m). (Data sources: NOAA/NCEI and Central American NWS.)

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TABLE 7.1. Record annual temperatures (°C) for some Caribbean locations.

Country
Station 
Name/

Location

Year 
records 
began

Min temp 
(°C)

Max temp 
(°C)

Mean 
temp (°C)

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T .  S .  S T E P H E N S O N ,  M .  A .  T A Y L O R , 
A. R. Trotman, C. J. Van Meerbeeck, A. O. Porter, S. Etienne–LeBlanc,
M. Hernández, I. T. Gonzalez, V. Cutié, D. Boudet, C. Fonseca, 
S. Willie, J. M. Spence, K. Kerr, A. Aaron-Morrison, G. Tamar, 
R. Stennett-Brown, and J. D. Campbell

FIG. 7.10. Lightning activity associated with Hurricane 
Otto showing the northern rainbands moving 
westward from 0400 to 0459 UTC (blue open circles), 
from 0600 to 0659 UTC (green open circles) and from 
0800 to 0859 UTC (red open circles). Yellow triangles 
represent the approximate westward track of Otto 
at 0400, 0600, and 0800 UTC estimated from the 
National Hurricane Center best track information. 
Data is from the WWLLN global data base (http://
webflash.ess.washington.edu/).

FIG. 7.11. (a) Temperature anomalies (°C) and (b) precipitation anomalies (%) rainfall for 2016 across the 
Caribbean basin with respect to the 1981–2010 annual mean. (Source: Caribbean Institute for Meteorology 
and Hydrology.)

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