Impacto del uso temprano de vasopresores en la estabilidad hemodinámica de pacientes sépticos en el intraoperatorio
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Abstract
El manejo hemodinámico del paciente séptico durante el transoperatorio continúa siendo un área poco estudiada, dado que la mayoría de la evidenciadisponible proviene de pacientes en la UCI y no del quirófano. Aunque las guías Sepsis-3 y la Surviving Sepsis Campaign recomiendan la reanimación temprana, el uso precoz de vasopresores y la evaluación dinámica de la respuesta a fluidos,estas estrategias aún no se aplican de forma sistemática en sala de operaciones.
El inicio temprano de vasopresores, especialmente norepinefrina, parecemejorar la estabilidad hemodinámica, disminuir la cantidad de fluidosadministrados y potencialmente reducir la necesidad de terapia de sustituciónrenal y los días de estancia en UCI. Sin embargo, no existe evidenciaconcluyente que demuestre que estos cambios disminuyan la mortalidad en elcontexto intraoperatorio.
En contraste, sí está claramente demostrada la reducción de la mortalidad conel control oportuno del foco quirúrgico y el inicio temprano de antibioticoterapia,elementos fundamentales del manejo del shock séptico. Por ello, se requiereinvestigación específica en el transoperatorio para definir con precisión cómo lacombinación de fluidoterapia guiada y vasopresores tempranos impacta losdesenlaces clínicos más allá de la estabilidad hemodinámica inmediata.
Hemodynamic management of septic patients during the intraoperative periodremains a poorly studied area, as most available evidence originates fromintensive care units rather than the operating room. Although the Sepsis-3definitions and the Surviving Sepsis Campaign recommend early resuscitation,prompt initiation of vasopressors, and dynamic assessment of fluidresponsiveness, these strategies are not yet systematically implemented insurgical settings. Early vasopressor use, particularly norepinephrine, appears toimprove hemodynamic stability, reduce fluid administration, and potentiallydecrease the need for renal replacement therapy and ICU length of stay.However, there is no conclusive evidence that these benefits translate intoreduced mortality in the intraoperative context. In contrast, both timely surgicalsource control and early antibiotic administration clearly reduce mortality andremain essential components of septic shock management. Therefore, furtherresearch is needed in the intraoperative environment to determine how thecombination of goal-directed fluid therapy and early vasopressor initiationinfluences clinical outcomes beyond immediate hemodynamic stabilization.
Hemodynamic management of septic patients during the intraoperative periodremains a poorly studied area, as most available evidence originates fromintensive care units rather than the operating room. Although the Sepsis-3definitions and the Surviving Sepsis Campaign recommend early resuscitation,prompt initiation of vasopressors, and dynamic assessment of fluidresponsiveness, these strategies are not yet systematically implemented insurgical settings. Early vasopressor use, particularly norepinephrine, appears toimprove hemodynamic stability, reduce fluid administration, and potentiallydecrease the need for renal replacement therapy and ICU length of stay.However, there is no conclusive evidence that these benefits translate intoreduced mortality in the intraoperative context. In contrast, both timely surgicalsource control and early antibiotic administration clearly reduce mortality andremain essential components of septic shock management. Therefore, furtherresearch is needed in the intraoperative environment to determine how thecombination of goal-directed fluid therapy and early vasopressor initiationinfluences clinical outcomes beyond immediate hemodynamic stabilization.
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Manejo clínico, Hemodinámica, Atención perioperatoria, Procedimientos quirúrgicos, Vasopresores, pacientes sépticos