Agronomía

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https://hdl.handle.net/10669/268

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Analysis of Meiosis in Nonmodel Tropical Plants: The Case of Carica papaya Linn
(2019-10-04) Mora Calderón, José Enrique; Scott Moraga, Kalani; Bolaños Villegas, Pablo Alberto
To develop plants that are more tolerant to drought, marginal soil fertility, and diseases and that satisfy demands for high yield, new cultivars of the tropical fruit papaya (Carica papaya L.) are needed. Nonetheless,in many cases, these traits are available in only wild relatives found throughout Latin America. Understanding meiotic progression may facilitate the introgression of desirable traits into commercial cultivars that maintain high fertility. In this protocol, we describe a practical and simple method to effectively isolate male meiocytes in order to document the behavior of papaya meiotic chromosomes.
Aspectos relevantes de la producción de papaya en Costa Rica
(Situación actual de la industria papayera (pp.33-36).Yucatán, México: Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY), 2018) Esquivel Rodríguez, Patricia; Herrera Martínez, Gabriela
El capítulo desarrolla la situación de la industria de la papaya en Costa Rica.
Begomoviruses in crops with economic interest for North and Central America
(2022) Barboza Vargas, Natalia María; Martínez Zubiaur, Yamila
The Begomovirus genus (family Geminiviridae) is widely distributed throughout the world and affects more than 700 plant species, including crops of economic interest. In the western hemisphere, diseases caused by begomoviruses have a high impact on production and cause large losses in economically important crops such as beans, cucurbits, tomato, and peppers in many countries of the region. Native bipartite begomoviruses in North and Central America have been identified and characterized; however, the detection of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus-IL and the presence of the invasive whitefly Bemisia tabaci MED in the region and in the Caribbean islands has aggravated the phytosanitary situation for the sustainable production of basic foods.
Biology of the papaya plant
(2014-01-01) Jiménez García, Víctor; Mora Newcomer, Eric; Gutiérrez Soto, Marco Vinicio
The papaya plant (Carica papaya L.) has been described with a large variety of adjectives, which acknowledge the structural and functional complexity and the high phenotypic plasticity of this giant tropical herb (León 1987). C. papaya, with a somatic chromosome number of 18, is the sole species of this genus of the Caricaceae, a family well represented in the Neotropics, that includes six genera with at least 35 species (Fisher 1980; Ming et al. 2008; Carvalho and Renner 2013 ). Most likely, papaya originated along the Caribbean coast of Mesoamerica (Fitch 2005 ) and spread to many tropical and subtropical regions around the world (Kim et al. 2002), where its distribution is limited by chilling sensitivity (Allan 2002; Dhekney et al. 2007). Domestication eventually led to substantial changes in vegetative growth and sexual forms that distinguish wild populations from cultivated genotypes (Paz and Vázquez-Yanes 1998; Niklas and Marler 2007). Because of its high yield, nutritional value, functional properties, and year-round fruit production, the importance of this crop around the world is undeniable. The papaya plant is a semi-woody, latex-producing, usually single-stemmed, short-lived perennial herb. The relatively small genome of this species shows peculiarities in major gene groups involved in cell size and lignification, carbohydrate economy, photoperiodic responses, and secondary metabolites, which place the papaya in an intermediate position between herbs and trees (Ming et al. 2008 ). Reproductive precocity, high photosynthetic rates of short-lived leaves, fast growth, high reproductive output, production of many seeds, and low construction cost of hollow stems (Fig. 2.1a–d), petioles, and fruits characterize this successful tropical pioneer. High phenotypic plasticity allows this plant to establish in recently disturbed sites, thriving during early stages of tropical succession and as members of diverse agroecosystems as well (Hart 1980; Ewel 1986), that constitute important genetic reservoirs (Brown et al. 2012 ). At any given time, adult papaya plants can sustain vegetative growth, fl owering, and dozens of fruits at different stages of development, simultaneously.
Caracterización económica de la producción de melón (Cucumis melo) en Costa Rica
(2016) Monge Pérez, José Eladio
Capítulo de libro con resumen histórico del cultivo del melón en Costa Rica y la evolución de las diferentes variedades. Se presentan datos sobre la exportación de la fruta, el mercado nacional y el área cultivada a lo largo del tiempo.
Cas
(Alimentos vegetales autóctonos iberoamericanos subutilizados (pp.1-23).México: Fabro Editores, 2018) Pérez Carvajal, Ana Mercedes; Rojas Garbanzo, Carolina
El capítulo describe las características agronómicas y nutricionales de la planta del cas.
Challenges for Food and Nutrition Security in the Americas: Costa Rica and its commitment to sustainability
(2017-11) Jiménez García, Víctor; Acuña Gutiérrez, Catalina; Agüero Vargas, Marilín; Alvarado Hernández, Alfredo; Ávila Agüero, María L.; Blanco Vega, Marialis; Dumani Echandi, Marcela; Esquivel Rodríguez, Patricia; Gatica Arias, Andrés Mauricio; Guevara Berger, Eric; Hernández Pridybailo, Andrés; Hernández Cordero, Raquel; Holst Sanjuán, Andrea; Madriz Morales, Karol; Mata Segreda, Julio Francisco; Quirós Madrigal, Olman José; Radulovich Ramírez, Ricardo; Salas Chaves, Álvaro; Solórzano Cascante, Paúl
As a small nation with high biodiversity and an extensive system of protected areas, Costa Rica will face particular challenges regarding food security over the next few years. Thus, whatever development model the country chooses, it must achieve a compromise between conservation and production (agricultural, energy and so on). Although the country’s malnutrition levels are below 5%, socioeconomic asymmetries - which have been increasing in recent years - put a growing proportion of the population at risk. Costa Rica also has a high disaster risk (due to volcanism, seismicity and climatic events), which is likely to be increased by climate change. Moreover, the country’s population is aging and growing very little in absolute numbers, which is also reflected in the predominance of farmers growing older. It is important to mention that the country relies heavily on food imports, mainly of basic grains, to cover the needs of its population. Food production uses a large amount of imported seed and propagating material, which are often not suited to local conditions, as well as very intensive use of agrochemicals, with negative consequences for health and the environment. Over the next few years, it will be crucial to maintain solid public higher-education and research structures in the agricultural field. Although there is no shortage of water in the country in general, water is unevenly distributed at certain times and between regions. Another important challenge is that overweight and obesity show an increasing and alarming upward trend. A comprehensive approach considering many actors and positions is required to ensure food and nutrition in Costa Rica over the next fifty years. To this end and to be consistent with a long tradition that has earned the country recognition, the government should continue with its policies to conserve protected areas and biodiversity. At the same time, it should increase productivity and yields in land with a clear agricultural vocation. This is important for reducing dependence on imported food in order to meet the basic needs of the country’s inhabitants. In order to achieve broad access to sufficient nutritious food, it is essential to reduce the gaps in the population’s socioeconomic conditions. Production systems should be more environmentally friendly by reducing the use of agrochemicals, and making more and better use of soil, and integrated pest, water resources, waste and residue-management practices. It will also be important to encourage, where possible, the use of local species or those adapted to local conditions, some of which are little known and underutilized, which are important for the diet beyond caloric intake (as a source of micronutrients, vitamins and functional compounds). This requires considering the enormous biodiversity present in the country and encouraging genetic improvement in order to reduce dependence on imported seed and propagation materials, since these were often developed for other climatic and edaphic conditions, as well as different productive systems. It is essential to achieve greater differentiation of products that follow certain quality standards in terms of production, marketing and nutritional value over the next few years, and for this to provide some form of competitive advantage. Prevention and mitigation measures must be taken against disasters that can be caused by specific events (hurricanes, volcanoes, earthquakes, etc.) or climate change. It will be important to continue the construction and maintenance of water collection, storage and supply works to reduce water shortages in particular areas and at specific times. Agricultural activity must be made attractive so that young people choose to remain in the countryside rather than migrating to cities. State funding for research on priority issues for the country must be increased, and incentives created so that the private sector also becomes interested in supporting research. It is also necessary to continue promoting high-level human resource training, preferably at top universities abroad, to promote agricultural research. Likewise, technical and vocational education must be promoted with the participation of various institutions (such as the Instituto Nacional de Aprendizaje, technical and vocational colleges and dual education). The country must consider a wide range of options for agricultural production with a view toward ensuring food and nutrition for its inhabitants. This framework must consider all the (bio)technological options, provided they do not conflict with the environment and health. It is also essential to continue and intensify programs that seek to promote healthy eating habits and encourage physical activity among the population.
Diagnosis and management of nutrient constraints in papaya
(2020-01-24) Fallas Corrales, Róger Armando; van der Zee, Sjoerd E. A. T. M.; Srivastava, A. K.; Hu, Chengxiao
Carica papaya L. is a particularly high yielding tropical crop, originally from Central America and the South of México; its domestication is attributed to the Aztecs and Mayas (Fuentes and Santamaría, 2014). As it originates and is grown in tropical and subtropical regions (Céccoli et al., 2013), the crop suffers from chill conditions in temperate regions. The crop is now found in different tropical regions around the world. The Caricaceae family, which C. papaya L. is part, is composed of six genus (Carica, Vasconcellea, Horovitzia, Jarilla, Jacaratia, and Cylicomorpha); most of them with an American origin and as shown in Fig. 42.1 can be found growing in wild areas, for example, in Central America. Only one of the genus (Cylicomorpha) is found growing wildly in regions of Africa, even though it is hypothesized that Carica has an African ancestor that traveled by surface sea currents through the Atlantic Ocean and started to colonize in the American continent (Carvalho and Renner, 2014).
Disponibilidad nacional de desechos agroindustriales y mercado internacional de polímeros
(Bioplásticos y agroindustria: alternativas para la valoración de subproductos agroindustriales (pp.1-17).San José, Costa Rica: EUNED, 2018) Rojas Garbanzo, Carolina; Rojas Garbanzo, Carolina; Pérez Carvajal, Ana Mercedes; Cortés Muñoz, Marianela; Soto Retana, Marvin
El capítulo aborda dos puntos sobre la disponibilidad nacional de desechos agroindustriales y mercado internacional de polímeros; el primero, la disponibilidad de desechos agroindustriales en el mercado costarricense; y el segundo, el abastecimiento y utilización de los polímeros en mercados locales e internacionales.
Efecto del momento de retiro de la manta térmica sobre la fenología, el rendimiento y la calidad de melón (Cucumis melo L.)
(2019) Sancho Jiménez, Rose Mary; Monge Pérez, José Eladio
Se evaluó el efecto de diferentes momentos de retiro de la manta térmica, sobre la fenología, rendimiento y calidad del melón tipo Cantaloupe, variedad MAG. Para la primera siembra, los tratamientos de retiro de la manta térmica entre los 22 y 23 días después del trasplante (ddt) presentaron la mayor producción de fruta exportable y de primera calidad para el mercado de Estados Unidos. Para la segunda siembra, el momento idóneo para realizar el retiro de la manta térmica fue a los 28 ddt.
Evaluación económica del uso de diversos tipos de poda y densidades de siembra en melón tipo Honey Dew (Cucumis melo L.) cultivado en invernadero
(2019) Díaz Alvarado, Jorge Manuel; Monge Pérez, José Eladio
El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la mejor combinación de tipo de poda y densidad de siembra para el melón híbrido tipo Honey Dew JMX-701 F-1 cultivado en invernadero, tomando en cuenta el beneficio económico contra el costo de la implementación de las diferentes prácticas de manejo, mediante el análisis de la utilidad parcial. Se evaluaron tres densidades de siembra (1,9; 3,2; y 3,9 plantas/m2) y tres sistemas de poda (sin poda, poda del tallo principal y manejo de un tallo secundario; y poda del tallo principal y manejo de dos tallos secundarios) en un arreglo factorial, para un total de nueve tratamientos. No se observaron diferencias significativas en el rendimiento (total y comercial), ni en el porcentaje de sólidos solubles totales entre los tratamientos evaluados, pero sí hubo diferencias significativas en el número de frutos por planta, donde a mayor densidad de plantas, menor es el número de frutos por planta. El uso de podas no generó un impacto importante en las variables agronómicas evaluadas. Se determina como mejor tratamiento el que incluye una densidad de 1,9 plantas/m2 con poda a dos tallos secundarios. Aunque los rendimientos y las calidades de fruta fueron prácticamente similares para todos los tratamientos, con el tratamiento de 1,9 plantas/m2 con poda a dos tallos secundarios se obtuvo la mejor utilidad parcial tanto en el escenario real como en el ficticio (3.610.110 y 11.079.060 colones/ha, respectivamente), y por lo tanto el mejor retorno económico bajo las condiciones de cultivo observadas en el invernadero de la EEAFBM. En este caso, sí hubo un beneficio económico al utilizar la poda. Los datos indican que la producción de melón tipo Honey Dew JMX-701 F-1 en ambientes protegidos puede ser económicamente rentable, tanto para un escenario de buenos precios en temporada lluviosa, como para ser producido en la época seca cuando hay competencia por fruta producida en campo.
Evaluación preliminar de 201 genotipos de ocho diferentes hortalizas (berenjena, chile dulce, zucchini, ayote, sandía, pepino, tomate y melón) cultivados bajo invernadero en Costa Rica
(2016-07) Monge Pérez, José Eladio
El cambio climático puede tener grandes consecuencias en el cultivo de alimentos. Este capítulo hace una evaluación de características morfológicas, rendimiento y calidad de 8 diferentes hortalizas. Se presentan los cuadros de resultados para cada una de ellas.
Genome-Wide Association Mapping Analyses Applied to Polyamines
(2018) Barboza Barquero, Luis Orlando; Esker, Paul D.; Alcázar, Rubén
Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS) allow the use of natural variation to understand the genetics controlling specific traits. Efficient methods to conduct GWAS in plants have been reported. This chapter provides the main steps to conduct and analyse GWAS in Arabidopsis thaliana using polyamine levels as trait. This approach is suitable for the discovery of genes that modulate the levels of polyamines, and can be used in combination with different types of stress.
Harvesting and Postharvest Technology of Banana
(2020-07-24) Lobo, Maria Gloria; Montero Calderón, Marta
This chapter discusses banana harvesting indices and practices, fruit grade and standards, postharvest handling and losses, postharvest operations, and storage technologies. Harvesting indices define the best time to cut the fruit, trying to maximize fruit growth and production yield before harvest. Harvest planning is an important step which requires inspection of the banana bunches considering the time from setting and fruit growth and development, as well as requirements from the packing house or the buyers. According to the CODEX standard, bananas are classified into three classes: Extra class, Class I, and Class II. Appropriate food safety has to be practiced while handling bananas in the field and the packing house. This involves good agriculture practices in the field and the packing house, which are common practices to avoid any type of contamination. Over-ripening and mechanical damage caused by bruising and compression are the main causes of losses in banana supply chains.
Hidroponía en Guanacaste: una experiencia en el territorio indígena de Matambú
(2014-11) Monge Pérez, José Eladio; Richmond Zumbado, Fernando José; Solano Laclé, Vania; Campo Molina, Susana; Oreamuno Fonseca, Patricia; Franco Poveda, María Teresa; Arguedas García, Cristina
El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el desempeño de la producción de hortalizas en hidroponía en el Territorio Indígena de Matambú, utilizando diferentes sustratos, con el fin de identificar su eficacia como método de producción de alimentos en esta zona.
Maíz morado
(Alimentos vegetales autóctonos iberoamericanos subutilizados (pp.1-28).México: Fabro Editores, 2018) Mayorga Gross, Ana Lucía; Pérez Carvajal, Ana Mercedes
El capítulo describe las características agronómicas y nutricionales del alimento del maíz morado.
Mode of action of plant hormones and plant growth regulators during induction of somatic embryogenesis: molecular aspects
(2005-11) Jiménez García, Víctor; Thomas, Clément
Plant hormones play critical roles in the establishment of somatic embryogenesis. During this process, somatic plant cells reverse their state of differentiation, acquire pluripotentiality and set up a new developmental program. The identification of the regulatory mechanisms that govern the key events of somatic embryogenesis requires molecular and genetic investigations. One critical issue is how plant hormones and growth regulators act to mediate somatic embryogenesis. Do they function as simple stimuli or participate directly, as central signals, in the reprogramming of the somatic cells towards an embryogenic fate? The latter scenario is now well supported by a number of studies that provide evidence of close interconnections between plant hormones and the molecular pathways that control somatic embryogenesis, including chromatin remodeling, gene expression patterning, reactivation of cell cycle and division and regulation of protein turnover. In this chapter we describe recent advances in the understanding of molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying the early stages of somatic embryogenesis. The roles and mode of action of plant hormones are especially emphasized.
Non-extractable polyphenols in tropical fruits: Occurrence and health-related properties
(Non-extractable polyphenols and carotenoids: Importance in human nutrition and health, 2018) Reynoso Camacho, Rosalía; Rufino, Maria do Socorro Moura; Amaya Cruz, D. M.; Pérez Carvajal, Ana Mercedes
Tropical fruits are good sources of phenolic compounds. Mango, pineapple, papaya and avocado are among the most commercialised tropical fruits worldwide. Tropical fruits with higher extractable polyphenol (EPP) contents include camu–camu, acerola and assai. Fruits with high contents of non-extractable polyphenols (NEPP) include cashew apple, banana and tropical blackberry, followed by acerola, plantain, melon, mango and papaya. Among the identified NEPP are gallocatechin in banana, sanguiin H-6, lambertianin C and galloyl derivatives in tropical blackberries and oligomers, mainly O-galloyl-glucosides, in mango. There are few studies of the antioxidant capacities (AC) of NEPP of tropical fruits, and most of the reports are for Brazilian fruits. Hydrolysable polyphenols from assai and non-extractable proanthocyanidins and HPP associated with insoluble dietary fibre from cashew apple show the highest AC values in comparison with other Brazilian fruits. Some biological activities of tropical fruits are related to ellagitannins, which are metabolised by microbiota, releasing ellagic acid and urolithins. The principal biological activities associated with phenolic compounds are antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antiproliferative, antimicrobial and hypolipidaemic properties. Tropical fruits are rich in NEPP, and this opens prospects for their use in industry. Further studies are needed to elucidate their health-related properties and obtain access to new markets.
Nutritional and industrial relevance of particular Neotropical pseudo-cereals
(2019-01-01) Acuña Gutiérrez, Catalina; Campos Boza, Stefanny; Hernández Pridybailo, Andrés; Jiménez García, Víctor
Several pseudo-cereals (plants not belonging to the Poaceae family but with uses similar to those of the traditional cereals) of Neotropical origin have been cultivated and consumed since pre-Columbian times by indigenous communities. Nowadays, some of these crops are gaining the interest of consumers, because of their functional properties and convenience in case of particular medical conditions (like celiac disease). For the food industry sector, these pseudo-cereals offer the opportunity to develop new ingredients and products to reach these new markets, by promoting them as new health-beneficial alternatives. In this chapter, we focus on eight Neotropical pseudo-cereals (i.e., common bean, amaranth, quinoa, chia, chan, jícaro seeds, ojoche and the Andean lupine). For each one, some background on the origin/distribution and traditional importance has been included, followed by data on its nutrition relevance and consumption habits, and finalizing with recent discoveries in terms of its functional properties and possibilities for industrialization. Information available varies according to crop, having some, like the common bean, more relevance, tradition and are more widespread. Others are barely and only locally known, and the information available is more limited.
Papaya
(2015-01-01) Jiménez García, Víctor
Papaya (Carica papaya) is a semiwoody, usually single-stemmed, herbaceous plant (Fig. 1). It originated along the Caribbean lowlands of Mesoamerica and is now extensively and exclusively distributed in tropical and subtropical regions because of its sensitivity to chilling temperatures. Papaya is mainly known for its climacteric fruits (that is, they continue to ripen after harvest), which are produced constantly during the plant's adult life and broadly commercialized; and also, to a lesser degree, for its latex, which contains enzymes having industrial uses (for example, papain, which is employed as an ingredient in meat-tenderizing, brewing, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics), and many other important compounds.

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