Biología

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A Synecological Classification of Tropical Terrestrial Ecosystems: A first approach
(UNED, 1995) Gutiérrez Espeleta, Edgar E.
Classification of terrestrial ecosystems is a very important task in the understanding process of vegetation patterns. It is a tool of mathematical organize the available information in understandable entities without loosing the perspective of the whole. The proposed classification method provides, in quantitative terms, a classification of ecosystems (associations) found within a life zone in sensu Holdrige.It is based on the assumption that plants are the best environmental indicator available to research, and that this fact can be used, through the method of synecological coordinates, for practical purposes. The method was used with 19 tropical premontane moist forests plost in Costa Rica. This life zone was characterized according to moisture, nutrient, heat, and light synecological coordinates, and particular ecosystems of associations were determined. The results were the ones expected for empirical knowledge.
Anathallis transtalamancana Karremans & Chinchilla, sp. nov.
(2020-08-18) Karremans Lok, Adam Philip; Chinchilla Alvarado, Isler Fabián
The new species is similar to A. endresii (Luer) Pridgeon & M.W.Chase, but can be distinguished by the 1-2-flowered raceme (vs. 3-4-flowered), the yellowish (vs. purple), glabrous, 4.6-4.8 mm long sepals (vs. ciliate, 5.5-6.0 mm long), the narrowly lanceolate, acuminate (vs. oblong, acute) petals, the oblong lip, with a pair of small lateral lobes below the middle, and an obtuse, mucronate apex (lip narrowly ovate, without lateral lobes, apex narrow, rounded). Anathallis grayumii (Luer) Luer is also similar but has narrower sepals (1.0-1.25 vs. 1.5-1.9 mm) and petals (0.6 vs. 1.1-1.6 mm), and the lip is dark purple and narrowly oblong to lanceolate (vs. yellowish-orange and oblong).
El antes y el después de la investigación biológica y ecológica en Vanilla
(2022) Karremans Lok, Adam Philip
Miguel Ángel Soto Arenas fue un experto en orquídeas, especialmente en la vainilla. Contribuyó a la divulgación del conocimiento sobre las orquídeas y promovió su conservación. La vainilla es un condimento muy valorado y se extrae del fruto de una orquídea tropical. Las plantas de vainilla son enredaderas que crecen en el suelo y se trepan a los árboles. Sus flores son efímeras y de color verdoso, crema o amarillento. El género Vanilla cuenta con 118 especies diferentes en todo el mundo, pero solo las especies nativas del continente americano son fragantes. Las especies más importantes para el cultivo agrícola, como Vanilla planifolia, se encuentran en los bosques de baja altitud de América Central. México es considerado el centro de origen de la vainilla. Miguel realizó estudios sobre la distribución, diversidad y relaciones genéticas de las especies de vainilla, y su trabajo marcó un avance significativo en el conocimiento de la biología y ecología de la vainilla.
Aristolochiaceae
(2020) Jiménez Vargas, José Esteban; Blanco Coto, Mario Alberto
Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica is a concise, illustrated guide to all of the species of native, naturalized and commercially cultivated vascular plants of this Central American country, which lies between Nicaragua and Panama and is thus centred in isthmian Central America – a biogeographical funnel between South and North America, densely rich in species and geological history. The Manual is the first comprehensive Spanish-language account of the Costa Rican flora. Asteraceae, with 418 species, is the largest family in this part of Volume IV, and the sixth-largest in the flora. It includes almost the entire range of growth forms, but most are herbaceous or shrubby. The next two largest families in this part are Apocynaceae, with 150 species, and Acanthaceae, with 137 species; the first is also comprised of many growth forms, the second almost entirely of subshrubs and herbs, and both provide numerous ornamental species. These three families account for over 70% of the total number of species in this part of the volume. This identification manual includes brief formal descriptions and informal notes about each of a total of 15 families, 324 genera, and 980 species. Keys to all the genera and species are also included.
Bombacaceae
(2020) Cascante Marín, Alfredo
Como parte del proyecto del Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica, la primera obra completa sobre las plantas vasculares con flores del país, se describen las 29 especies y 10 géneros de plantas pertenecientes a la familia Bombacaceae presentes en el territorio nacional. Se incluyen descripciones para los géneros y las especies, ilustraciones representativas y claves taxonómicas para la identificación. Se presentan notas sobre la distribución geográfica y fenología de las especies.
Bryozoans
(I.S. Wehrtmann, J. Cortés (eds.) Marine Biodiversity of Costa Rica, Central America. Springer., 2009) Nielsen Muñoz, Vanessa; Herrera Cubilla, Amalia; Cortés Núñez, Jorge
Sixty-one species of bryozoans have been reported in the literature from Costa Rica and are distributed as follows: Caribbean: 13 species in 11 genera, 10 families, 1 order, and 1 class; Pacific: 49 species in 41 genera, 31 families, 3 orders, and 2 classes. One species is present in both coasts. The 61 species are in 49 genera, 36 families, and 3 orders in 2 classes. Only one site in the Caribbean (Portete) has been sampled, and from the Pacific most of the collections were carried out along the shore or by dredging in shallow waters. More studies are needed to obtain a more complete picture of the diversity and ecology of bryozoans in Costa Rica and Central America.
Chapter 10 - Quality Control Measures in the Analytical Laboratory
(Academic Press, 2018) Ruiz Hidalgo, Karla María; Muñoz Rivera, Alejandro; Chinchilla Soto, Isabel Cristina; Chin Pampillo, Juan Salvador; Maestroni, Britt; Cannavan, Andrew
Chapter 6: Founder variations in isolated populations
(2020) Chavarría Soley, Gabriela; Contreras Rojas, Javier; Raventós Vorst, Henriette
Isolated populations, also called population isolates and genetic isolates, present several characteristic features that make them useful in the study of the genetic basis of both Mendelian and complex disorders. The consensus regarding population isolates is that they have been founded by a small number of individuals, followed by a period of genetic isolation and growth. In modern times characterized by widespread mobility of people around the world, few human populations can be considered genetic isolates. In this chapter we outline the reasons for their usefulness in genetic studies and describe the role they have played and continue to play in gene-mapping efforts. Specific examples of gene identification are provided.
Cleistes Rich. ex Lindl.
(2022) Karremans Lok, Adam Philip
Description of Cleistes Rich. ex Lindl.
Cohniella Pfizer
(2023-02) Cetzal Ix, William; Pupulin, Franco
Se proporciona una revisión taxonómica del género Cohniella para la Flora Mesoamericana.
Costa Rica
(2014) Springer Springer, Monika; Echeverría Sáenz, Silvia; Gutiérrez Fonseca, Pablo E.
Costa Rica is a country with abundant and diverse freshwater ecosystems, which are influenced and characterized by different orographic precipitation regimes. This variety of habitats harbors great biological diversity, particularly freshwater macroinvertebrates which are abundant and represent a large number of species. Due to increasing interest in this group over the past two decades, a considerable number of scientific publications exists about their taxonomy, biology and ecology at both the species and assemblage levels. Nevertheless, it is notable that non-insect macroinvertebrate groups, with the exception of Decapods, represent the least amount of published works, while a large amount of taxonomic information is available for aquatic insects, especially Odonata, Trichoptera and Ephemeroptera. Studies of their ecology and natural history continue to represent a little-explored area, and most of the investigations have focused on lotic environments, demonstrating limited knowledge about lentic habitats. The state of conservation of macroinvertebrates in Costa Rica is difficult to determine because of the lack of information about the geographic distribution and ecological aspects of the organisms. Nevertheless, their protection and conservation could be considered to be adequate as long as ecosystem protection measures in continental waters maintain ecological integrity, population viability, connectivity and representativeness of the species and the ecological systems. In terms of their serving as bioindicators of water quality, macroinvertebrates have been used in Costa Rica for monitoring projects and for different academic activities, such as courses, graduate and postgraduate theses and research projects. Interest on the part of government agencies and non-governmental organizations in this type of study has also been growing. This awareness about the usefulness of macroinvertebrate assemblages as indicators of water quality, along with concern about the high degree of contamination in many rivers in the country, has led to their being included in an executive decree (33903-MINAE-S 2007). This regulation governs the evaluation and classification of the quality of surface water bodies in the country and establishes the BMWP-CR index (Biological Monitoring Working Party, adapted for Costa Rica) for biological monitoring. Although a considerable number of publications exists, more in-depth knowledge is still lacking about the taxonomy, ecology and geographic distribution of most freshwater organisms. In addition, the relationship between national and international investigations needs to be explored in order to avoid duplicating efforts and to improve lines of work, as well as to refine the indices used for the biomonitoring of water quality and increase the availability of the information generated. Lastly, current and future investigations are expected to support the creation of guidelines and appropriate strategies to meet the objectives for freshwater ecosystem conservation, as well as to reduce anthropogenic pressures and preserve biodiversity.
Current approaches to the isolation and structural elucidation of active compounds from natural products
(2018) Pérez Sánchez, Alice Lorena
The essence of medicinal plants, either as pure compounds or as standardized extracts, provides unlimited opportunities for new drug leads because of the unmatched availability of chemical diversity. Due to an increasing demand for chemical diversity in screening programs, seeking therapeutic drugs from natural products, the isolation of compounds from edible plants has grown. Botanicals and herbal preparations for medicinal usage contain various types of bioactive compounds. The focus of this chapter is on revised current analytical methodologies, which include the extraction, isolation, and identification of bioactive principles in natural products. Chromatographic techniques such as LC and spectroscopic methods like NMR and MS will be discussed.
Echinosepala
(2020) Pupulin, Franco
Subtribe Pleurothallidinae is the largest and one of the most recently and intensely diversified groups in the Orchidaceae family. Estimates suggest that with a whopping 5500 species recognized today, pleurothallids represent about one fifth of all known orchids. They are endemic to the tropical forests of the new world, being one of its major floristic components. Those who have had the pleasure to set foot in a neotropical cloud forest have probably been amazed by the overwhelming diversity of Pleurothallidinae, both species and genera, that a single site can host. “Pleurothallids Neotropical Jewels” is a tribute to the beauty and comlpexity of the most specious group of orchids on Earth. The unparalleled diversity of pleurothallids is showcased through color photographs here for the first time. This comprehensive treatment incorporates the most up-to-date classification of the subtribe, its genera and species, and is richly complemented by notes on taxonomy, morphology, distribution, ecology and pollination. Each volume includes a general introduction followed by specific generic treatments. This first volume features about 500 different species, across 17 of the 44 pleurothallid genera. It is generously illustrated with more than one thousand color photographs covering phylogenetic, morphological, ecological and geographical variation as best as possible. With an average of two thirds of the species in each genus featured, “Pleurothallids Neotropical Jewels” is an essential guide for anyone interested in Pleurothalliidinae, from the avid hobbyist to the highly specialized professional. This book is the physical expression of a decade of collecting, photographing and studying Pleurothallidinae by the authors. It has only been made possible thanks to the joint efforts of researchers and growers belonging to the pleurothallid community worldwide.
Ecological and Public Health Effects of Microplastics Pollution
(2022-01) Arias Andrés, María de Jesús; Rojas Jiménez, Keilor Osvaldo; Zaffar Hashmi, Muhammad
Humans and ecosystems are constantly exposed to microplastics (MP). The magnitude of contamination, their ubiquity, and high persistence over time raise serious concerns about their effects on ecosystems, wildlife, and human health. MP represent a diverse class of contaminants occurring on a continuum of sizes and in various shapes and presenting a complex composition that includes several types of polymers and several associated pollutants. In short, MP are perhaps one of the most challenging contaminants created by humankind. The effects of exposure to these pollutants are of growing concern even though the type and level of exposure and the specific risks for humans and ecosystem health have not yet been entirely determined. In this chapter, we identify critical qualitative and quantitative aspects of MP sources and exposure routes and toxicity profiles and confront them with research on MP effects and estimations of risks to human and environmental health. Finally, we highlight that some novel sources of MP contamination pose a serious risk of exposure to humans and ecosystems, such as nanoplastics and the recycled plastics incorporated into road pavements and construction.
Efecto de la perturbación del bosque en la tasa de visitas de murciélagos polinizadores y sus consecuencias sobre el éxito reproductivo y sistema de apareamiento en árboles de la familia Bombacaceae.
(2007) Stoner, Kathryn E; Lobo Segura, Jorge Arturo; Quesada Avendaño, Mauricio; Fuchs Castillo, Eric J.; Herrerías Diego, Yvonne; Munguía Rosas, Miguel Ángel; Salazar, Karla A. O.; Palacios Guevara, Carolina; Rosas Guerrero, Víctor
La fragmentación y la perturbación del bosque pueden tener efectos deletéreos sobre el éxito reproductivo y el sistema de apareamiento de los árboles tropicales, además de modificar el compartimiento de sus polinizadores. Los objetivos de este capítulo son: (1) evaluar el efecto de la perturbación del bosque sobre la tasa de visita de los murciélagos a cuatro especies de árboles de Bombacaceas; (2) comparar el éxito reproductivo entre árboles en áreas perturbadas y en bosques continuos; (3) determinar las consecuencias de un cambio en la tasa de visitas de los polinizadores sobre el éxito reproductivo de los árboles; y (4) documentar cómo los patrones de visita de los polinizadores pueden afectar el sistema de apareamiento de las plantas que polinizan. Se estudiaron cuatro especies de árboles de la familia Bombacaceae en los bosques tropicales de Jalisco, México, y en las regiones de Guanacaste y la Península de Osa, en Costa Rica. Los murciélagos nectarívoros fueron los únicos polinizadores efectivos para estas cuatro especies. Las flores de Ceiba grandiflora en el bosque recibieron más visitas por parte de Glossophaga soricina; no se observaron diferencias en el número de visitas por parte de Leptonycteris curasoae y Musonycteris harrisoni solo visitó flores dentro del bosque. Ceiba aesculifolia presentó una mayor tasa de visitas en los sitios perturbados, tanto por G.. soricina como por L. curasoae. Ceiba pentandra, en Chamela, no presentó diferencias en la tasa de visitas de G. soricina entre áreas perturbadas y bosque continuo, pero L. curasoae visitó una mayor cantidad de flores en bosque continuo. En Guanacaste, C. pentandra recibió más visitas de Phyllostomus discolor que de G presentó una mayor producción de flores en fragmentos y no hubo diferencias en la proporción de frutos por flor (fruto/flor). Ceiba grandiflora no presentó diferencias en la producción de flores, pero la razón fruto/flor fue mayor en el bosque. Pachira quinata presentó un patrón similar a C. aesculifolia en cuanto a la producción de flores, pero la razón fruto/flor fue mayor en los árboles de bosque continuo. Estas cuatro especies de Bombacaceae son predominantemente autoincompatibles. Los niveles de exocruzamiento fueron independientes del tipo de hábitat para C. aesculifolia, C. grandiflora y C. pentandra en Guanacaste; sin embargo, los árboles C. pentandra, en la Península de Osa, mostraron un sistema de apareamiento mixto. Los efectos de la perturbación del bosque sobre la polinización por murciélagos, la reproducción de plantas y sus patrones de apareamiento varían según la especie de Bombacaceae y su historia de vida.
Epidendrum brenesii Schltr.
(2020) Hágsater, Eric; Karremans Lok, Adam Philip
Of the 44 species monographed in this fascicle, 30 are new to science and 14 have been published elsewhere, at least one of them as recently as one month ago. One of the new ones is a natural hybrid, Epidendrum × pinheiroi Hágsater, from coastal southern Brazil, which has been thoroughly studied in the field, and is an example of population and natural hybridization dynamics in the Schistochilum Group throughout South America and the Lesser Antilles (the group is referred to as subgenus Amphyglottium in Brazil). More examples of such natural hybrids are in the process of being studied. The fact that such natural hybrids are common in this group, should not be extrapolated to other Epidendrum groups. Of the 44 species, 21 correspond to Peru, 12 each to Colombia and Ecuador, but 4 are found near the border between Ecuador and Peru, so they are bound to be found in the other country. Venezuela has 3, there are 2 each for Bolivia, Brazil and Costa Rica, and one each for Panama, Guyana and Cuba. Most are limited in their known distribution, but at least two are widely distributed from northern Colombia/Venezuela to Peru or Bolivia, and interestingly a species from the pacific coast of Costa Rica and Panama has appeared in the Amazon basin of Ecuador. In this issue, the authors have tackled a group of species which have been lumped broadly under the name Epidendrum saxicola Kraenzl. and are distributed mainly in Peru and a few in Bolivia. As usual, it has taken extensive herbarium and field work, in addition to interacting with several local botanists and collectors, as well as photographers and searching the internet. A wonderful collection of images of live flowers and herbarium specimens was found at the Botanical Research Institute of Texas, BRIT, in Fort Worth, Texas, – the work of Rebecca Repasky, currently a physician, but in her student days she studied the plant diversity at the Wayqecha Cloud Forest Research Station, in the Kosñipata Valley on the edges of the Manu National Park in Cusco, Peru. The increase in the availability of species images on the Internet by many Institutions and photographers is a valuable source of information. Without digital images of fresh flowers in colour, it would have been impossible to recognize and delimit the species in this group. The result is 9 new species, mainly from Cusco and Pasco, which are proposed here. A couple of additional species are still in process and a few older ones are waiting for digital images from fresh flowers to be able to illustrate them.
Epistephium Kunth
(2022) Karremans Lok, Adam Philip
The name Epistephium derives from the Greek epi-, upon, and stephanos, crown, in reference to the crown-like calyculus situated prominently at the seed capsule apex (Cameron 2003). Epistephium is broadly distributed in the Neotropics, from Belize to Paraguay, but most species are localized in Northern South America, especially Colombia and northeastern Brazil.
Ethnomycology, bioprospection, and uses of mushrooms in Costa Rica
(2023) Rojas Alvarado, Carlos Alonso; Arroyo Trejos, Ignacio; Doss, Robin G.
Habits relating to the use of mushrooms tend to classify human populations into either “mycophilic” or “mycophobic.” This dialectical approach to mushroom use cannot be used in Costa Rica because the systematic documentation of mycological resources has not been constructed on the basis of such theoretical arguments. Based on the evidence gathered from human populations in Costa Rica, it could be said that both indigenous and non-indigenous groups are at best “myco-indifferent” in the sense that they use mushrooms as a food resource, but their use is neither widespread nor culturally relevant. There are about 152 species of edible mushrooms in Costa Rica, from which about 10 are excellent culinary choices, 16 have been reported to have medicinal properties and no threatened species have been determined. The conservation of habitats where these species occur is vital to their population health and, in general, the Costa Rican people seem to be aware of this fact. The deep insertion of the sustainable development goals agenda into Costa Rica’s research and development investment plans has opened up many possibilities for the use of fungi in human-related activities. In the last decade, such planning has generated a series of studies of potential use, mainly within the Costa Rican academia, which have helped to consolidate the idea that mycological resources could be relevant for Costa Rica’s development. The current attitude towards the future of bioprospecting approaches and the use of mushrooms in Costa Rica is positive. Although mycology is a relatively recent discipline of academic activity in this country, the integration of fungi in initiatives with human impact has been slowly but steadily increasing over the last decades and can be expected to continue in a similar manner.
Familia LOASACEAE
(2021-11-05) Acuña Castillo, Rafael; Cohen, Dylan H.; Weigend, Maximilian
Este texto describe las características de plantas pertenecientes a varias especies de la familia Loasaceae. Se detallan aspectos de sus tallos, raíces, hojas, flores, inflorescencias, y frutos. También se menciona la disposición de las partes en la planta, así como características de las flores, los estambres, el ovario y los órganos reproductivos. Se describe la forma, el tamaño y los detalles de las semillas y el embrión.
Foraminifera
(I.S. Wehrtmann, J. Cortés (eds.) Marine Biodiversity of Costa Rica, Central America. Springer., 2009) Mora Baumgartner, Claudia; Nielsen Muñoz, Vanessa; Cortés Núñez, Jorge
Eighty-four species of benthic and one species of planktonic Foraminifera, classified under 40 genera and 34 families reported for Costa Rica are listed in this paper. These lists are based on literature data and ongoing studies. All (except for four species from the Caribbean) are reports from the Pacific Ocean, and most are from offshore or have no specific indication of where in Costa Rica the Foraminifera were collected. Of the other Central American countries there is little information except from Panama. More research is needed on Foraminifera, since they may be a predominant group in some areas and ecosystems, for example the meiofauna of Caño Island, and much more research is need on planktonic Foraminifera.

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