Biología

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https://hdl.handle.net/10669/273

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A Review of Breeding Systems in the Pineapple Family (Bromeliaceae, Poales)
(2023-07-05) Cascante Marín, Alfredo; Núñez Hidalgo, Stephanie María
Breeding systems play an essential role in plant sexual reproduction and influence speciation and extinction processes. However, our understanding of the breeding systems for particular neotropical angiosperm families is inadequate. The Pineapple family (Bromeliaceae) is one of the few indigenous and highly diverse plant lineages native to the American Continent and is a resource for the ornamental plant industry. Bromeliads have a remarkable history of adaptive radiation, yet the role of breeding systems in their evolution and ecology is still unknown. This review aims to establish the current state of knowledge on breeding systems in Bromeliaceae by identifying general patterns, data limitations, and information gaps. We compiled data on self-compatibility (SC), autonomous self-fertilization (selfing), and apomixis based on a thorough review of the scientific literature from 1990 to 2020. The final database included 177 entries, which represented 26 genera and 152 species (4.1% of the family). Two-thirds of the studies were conducted on species from highly diverse genera: Aechmea, Pitcairnia, Tillandsia, and Vriesea. Bromeliaceae exhibit a wide variety of breeding systems (SC and selfing). Subfamilies Pitcairnioideae (sensu stricto) and Tillandsioideae had higher values of SC and selfing, although some of the most investigated genera in each subfamily exhibited contradictory patterns and data for subfamilies considered ancestral were absent. Complete apomixis was rare, but it was more prevalent in Pitcairnioideae. The evolution of autofertility is likely the combined result of floral herkogamy as well as the species’ self-compatibility. Our present understanding of the evolutionary advantages of selfing in Bromeliaceae is limited and deserves further investigation.
Andinia chaoae
(2017) Vieira Uribe, Sebastian; Karremans Lok, Adam Philip
Descripción de Andinia chaoae
Andinia pseudocaulescens
(2018) Vieira Uribe, Sebastian; Karremans Lok, Adam Philip
Andinia pseudocaulescens has a wide distribution and has been found on all three Cordilleras in Colombia as well as in Ecuador. It frequently grows together with other species of Andinia subgen. Brachycladium (Luer) Karremans & S.Vieira-Uribe, but can be rec ognized by the small plants with elliptical leaves that are margin ally ciliate, the burgundy fowers almost as big as the leaves, borne on short inforescences, with ovate, acuminate sepals, and trans versally bilobed, pubescent petals with narrowly oblong lobes.
Cyrtidiorchis gerardii
(2017) Gutiérrez Morales, Nicolás; Karremans Lok, Adam Philip
Cyrtidiorchis Rauschert is a small genus of some fve species distributed from Colombia and Venezuela to Peru, phylogenetically related to Sauvetrea Szlach. and Mormolyca Fenzl (Maxillarinae). Tey are characterized by monopodial-growing stem arising from a sympo-dial, pseudobulb-bearing, basal rhizome. Tree species of Cyrtidiorchis are reported from Colombia, C. gerardi is endemic to the country. It is most similar to C. rhomboglossa and we have our reservations about their distinctness. Cyrtidiorchis gerardi can be recognized by spreading sepals and petals, and the relatively flattened lip with an incurved apex.
Epidendrum fimbriatum
(2018) Karremans Lok, Adam Philip; Moreno, Juan Sebastián
Epidendrum fimbriatum is recognized by its terrestrial or lithophytic habit, scandent stems, distichous leaves, an apical inforescence of numerous and successive non resupinate fowers. The tiny flowers are snow white spotted with purple and a fimbriate lip. It is widely distributed in the three cordilleras of the Andes in Colombia at high elevations where it can be found in large masses along roadsides.
Epidendrum schistochilum
(2018) Karremans Lok, Adam Philip; Moreno, Juan Sebastián
Epidendrum schistochilum is recognized by the large, erect plants, distichous leaves, numerous, successive, non-resupinate flowers. The flowers are snow white with a thick, triangular, three-lobed, orange callus in the middle of the three-lobed, fimbriate lip.
Evolution of Seed Dispersal Modes in the Orchidaceae: Has the Vanilla Mystery Been Solved?
(2023) Karremans Lok, Adam Philip; Watteyn, Charlotte; Scaccabarozzi, Daniela; Pérez Escobar, Oscar Alejandro; Bogarín Chaves, Diego Gerardo
Orchid seeds are predominantly wind-dispersed, often developed within dry, dehiscent fruits that typically release millions of dust-like seeds into the air. Animal-mediated seed dispersal is a lesser-known phenomenon in the family and predominantly occurs in groups belonging to early-diverging lineages bearing indehiscent, fleshy fruits with hard, rounded, dark seeds. In this review, we explore the evolutionary trends of seed dispersal mechanisms in Orchidaceae, focusing on the pantropical genus Vanilla. Notably, certain Neotropical species of Vanilla produce vanillin- aromatic compounds synthesized naturally in their fruits, which plays a pivotal role in seed dispersal. Ectozoochory occurs in dry, dehiscent fruits, whose seeds are dispersed by (i) male euglossine bees collecting the fruit’s vanillin aromatic compounds and (ii) female stingless bees collecting the fruit’s mesocarp. Endozoochory occurs in (iii) highly nutritious, indehiscent fruits consumed by terrestrial mammals or (iv) fleshy, dehiscent fruits whose mesocarp is consumed by arboreal mammals. Wind dispersal appears to be a derived state in Orchidaceae and, given its predominance, a trait likely associated with enhanced speciation rates. Zoochory primarily occurs in groups derived from early- diverging lineages; occasional reversions suggest a link between dispersal mode and fruit and seed traits. Interestingly, fruit dehiscence and fleshiness in Vanilla lack phylogenetic signal despite their role in determining dispersal modes, suggesting potential environmental adaptability.
I Simposio sobre Cambio Climático y Biodiversidad: Hacia el fortalecimiento de la resiliencia y acciones requeridas ante el Cambio Climático en Latinoamérica
(2019) Samper Villarreal, Jimena; Vincent Rossi, Andrea Gael; Álvarez Vergnani, Carolina; Gutiérrez Espeleta, Gustavo A.
El cambio climático es una variación significativa y permanente de los patrones globales del clima, sus consecuencias son irreversibles si no se toman las acciones pertinentes. En Latinoamérica, el cambio climático no recibe la atención merecida en la agenda política, académica ni ciudadana, consecuentemente, la información en español e investigaciones acerca de esta temática son limitadas. El I Simposio sobre Cambio Climático y Biodiversidad, realizado en agosto del año 2017, en Costa Rica, frente a una audiencia multidisciplinaria e interinstitucional, buscó generar interés y discusión sobre posibles soluciones ante el cambio climático en esta región. El simposio se organizó según cuatro ejes temáticos: 1) Impactos sobre ecosistemas, 2) Mitigación, 3) Adaptación, y 4) Comunicación y enseñanza del cambio climático. En esta publicación, desarrollamos una síntesis crítica de los diversos temas tratados en dicho simposio, algunos de los cuales se desarrollan en mayor profundidad en este número especial de UNED Research Journal. No cabe duda de que el cambio climático es real y tiene su origen en las actividades humanas, lo que implica que debemos cambiar nuestras acciones individuales y decisiones políticas para reducir la emisión e incrementar la mitigación de gases de efecto invernadero, así como para adaptarnos a la nueva realidad que este fenómeno implica.
Importancia del microbioma en la salud humana y aplicaciones medicas
(2023) Zúñiga Orozco, Andrés; Satuye Prieto de Lima, Thomaz; Oreamuno Rodríguez, María Mercedes; Arias Pérez, Verónica; Rojas Jiménez, Keilor Osvaldo
Recent research has linked gut microbiota to human health in multiple ways. The evolution of lifestyles has determined a change in the composition of intestinal bacteria, as well as the implications that they exert on health. Currently, it is known that most of the bacteria present in the gastrointestinal sector belong mainly to the phylum Firmicutes and Bacterioidetes, although there are also other groups such as proteobacteria and actinobacteria. As it progresses through the gastrointestinal tract, some genera of bacteria and species predominate. The effects of the microbiota can be direct and indirect, and also depend on many factors such as the age of the person, the age group, the individual’s genetics, diet, and lifestyle. In recent years, accessibility to sequencing technologies has allowed for a closer approach to the intestinal microbiota. This, added to bioinformatic tools has allowed establishing microbial relationships in terms of quantity and population structure with clinical manifestations in humans. Some of the pathologies studied that are related to intestinal microbiota are obesity, diabetes, cancer, brain-related diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and gastrointestinal diseases. A compilation of scientific information is made regarding relevant studies that describe the microbiota-human health relationship, cases where the organism is affected, as well as proposed therapeutic options and an approach to future perspectives.
Masdevallia coccinea
(2019) Karremans Lok, Adam Philip; Moreno, Juan Sebastián
Masdevallia coccinea is a widely distributed species in the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia, being locally abundant. It is “a most remarkable plant”, with large, bright red flowers. The lateral sepals are tail-less, and the tail of the dorsal sepal is commonly erect, sometimes directed either slightly backwards or forwards.
Masdevallia encephala
(2017) Karremans Lok, Adam Philip; Gutiérrez Morales, Nicolás
The habit of Masdevallia encephala is quite like any other species of the genus, however, the infated, almost completely fused, sepal blades, and bristle-like tails result in a very unique sub-globose fower. Te name, which means “the brain” refers to the particular morphology of these rose colored fowers. Te species is endemic to Colombia, where it is known by a few collections in Boyacá and Santander.
Masdevallia hortensis
(2017) Vieira Uribe, Sebastian; Karremans Lok, Adam Philip
Masdevallia hortensis is similar to most other species of Masdevallia subgenus Meleagris, it can be distinguished by the callus at the apex of the dorsal sepal and the revolute, white, lateral sepals with a red-purple mid vein. For a long time known only from the type locality where it became extinct by over-collecting, it has been recently rediscovered in two other nearby localities in the Cordillera Occidental in Antioquia and Risaralda, Colombia, where it grows as an epiphyte in shaded and very humid areas of the montane forests around 2600 m elevation.
Masdevallia racemosa
(2018) Moreno, Juan Sebastián; Karremans Lok, Adam Philip
Masdevallia racemosa, an endemic species from the Central Cordillera in Cauca department, is recognized by its long repent habit, with a creeping or ascending rhizome, a loose inflorescence of successive and simultaneous intense red-orange flowers, deeply connate sepals forming sepaline tube, elliptical acute petals and an oblong lip. Like other Masdevallia species with large, brightly-colored flowers, M. racemosa is commonly believed to be hummingbird pollinated. Nevertheless, the morphology of petals, lip and column, as can be seen in the LCDP, is consistent with fly pollination instead.
Maxillariella vulcanica
(2017) Moreno, Juan Sebastián; Karremans Lok, Adam Philip
Maxillariella vulcanica is recognized by the ascending habit, slender cane-like stems bearing few, ellipsoid pseudobulbs. The flowers are white, diversely su used and spotted with pink, the lip bears a conspicuous callus near the middle, and the column is prominently fringed apically. It was previously known from Ecuador and Peru, and is here recoded for Colombia as well.
Platystele colombiana
(2017) Vieira Uribe, Sebastian; Karremans Lok, Adam Philip
The relatively large flowers with long-cuadate sepals of Platystele colombiana are somewhat reminiscent of P. caudatisepala (C. Schweinf.) Garay, P. posadarum Luer & R. Escobar and P. baqueroi L. Jost & Iturralde. The new species is easily distinguished from those by the completely glandular-hirsute tepals, the very narrowly linear to acuminate petals that are about a third the width of the sepals, but almost the same in length (vs. tepals glabrous [only marginally hirsute in P. baqueroi], petals broader, at least half the width of the sepals, and less than half the length). Platystele speckmaieri Luer & Sijm is also superficially similar with its long-attenuate tepals, with sepals and petals similar in length. However, its flowers are glabrous, tepals are very narrowly caudate and the lip is broad below the middle and contracted apically.
Prosthechea mejia
(2019) Harding, Patricia A.; Karremans Lok, Adam Philip
Platystele colombiana is most similar to P. caudatisepala, P. posadarum and P. baqueroi but can be easily distinguished by the completely glandular-hirsute tepals and the very narrowly linear to acuminate petals that are about a third the width of the sepals, but similar in length.
Seagrasses in the Eastern Tropical Pacific: species, distribution, ecology, blue carbon, and threats
(2024-07) Samper Villarreal, Jimena
Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP) seagrasses are composed of three genera and four species: Halophila baillonii, Halodule beaudettei, Halodule wrightii, and Ruppia maritima. These are colonizing seagrass species and meadows in the ETP can be ephemeral. Current seagrass distribution in this region remains unknown, with verified extant presence at a limited number of locations and mapping heavily reliant on historical reports. Suitable environmental conditions for seagrasses in the ETP consist of sheltered bays <10 m depth with fine sediment, 19-35 salinity, 26-32C temperature, and water transparency of up to 10 m Secchi depth. In this region, seagrass organic carbon (OC) biomass pools (<0.2 Mg ha-1) have been reported from three locations, while sediment bulk density (<1.4 g mL-1) and OC (<24 Mg ha-1) have been reported from eight locations, all found on the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. Recent blue carbon reports from the ETP have not been included in global assessments to date. OC sequestration and sediment accumulation rates are currently unknown. Seagrasses provide key ecosystem services yet they are also threatened by anthropogenic and natural stressors. Seagrasses have already disappeared from two locations within the ETP, with restoration efforts currently underway on the northern Pacific coast of Costa Rica. This overview of our current understanding of seagrasses in the ETP and their services highlights the need for further research in this understudied region.
Selective breeding of rats for high (HAB) and low (LAB) anxiety-related behaviour: A unique model for comorbid depression and social dysfunctions
(2023) Gryksa, Katharina; Schmidtner, Anna K.; Masís Calvo, Marianella; Rodríguez Villagra, Odir Antonio; Havasi, Andrea; Wirobski, Gwendolyn; Maloumby, Rodrigue; Jägle, Herbert; Bosch, Oliver J.; Slattery, David A.; Neumann, Inga D.
Animal models of selective breeding for extremes in emotionality are a strong experimental approach to model psychopathologies. They became indispensable in order to increase our understanding of neurobiological, genetic, epigenetic, hormonal, and environmental mechanisms contributing to anxiety disorders and their association with depressive symptoms or social deficits. In the present review, we extensively discuss Wistar rats selectively bred for high (HAB) and low (LAB) anxiety-related behaviour on the elevated plus-maze. After 30 years of breeding, we can confirm the prominent differences between HAB and LAB rats in trait anxiety, which are accompanied by consistent differences in depressive-like, social and cognitive behaviours. We can further confirm a single nucleotide polymorphism in the vasopressin promotor of HAB rats causative for neuropeptide overexpression, and show that low (or high) anxiety and fear levels are unlikely due to visual dysfunctions. Thus, HAB and LAB rats continue to exist as a reliable tool to study the multiple facets underlying the pathology of high trait anxiety and its comorbidity with depression-like behaviour and social dysfunctions.

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