Biología

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High Performance Graphene–Oxide–Metal Diode through Bias‐Induced Barrier Height Modulation
(2016) Urcuyo Solórzano, Roberto; Duong, Dinh Loc; Jeong, Hye Yun; Burghard, Marko; Kern, Klaus
Graphene–oxide–metal diodes are presented whose performance is preserved even for thin oxide layers, as required for high frequency applications. The diodes, which rely upon bias-induced modulation of graphene's work function, thus overcome a major, longstanding issue of metal–insulator–metal diodes.
In Memoriam: Dr. William Mark Whitten (1954−2019)
(2019) Blanco Coto, Mario Alberto; Chase, Mark W.; Endara, Carmen Lorena; Mirenda, Thomas; Neubig, Kurt M.
The world of orchid academia was rocked on April 12, 2019 when the shocking and completely unexpected news that Mark Whitten had passed began to circulate. Many readers of Orchids magazine may not be familiar with Mark’s contributions to orchidology, but his scholarship, mentorship and influence on modern orchid research are reflected in this magazine. Indeed, his groundbreaking research changed the way many of us understand orchid biology and evolution
Locating the type specimen of Cattleya maxima
(2015-12) Pupulin, Franco
The paper retraces history and argues that the holotype specimen of Cattleya maxima is in London.
Mis memorias sobre Robert L. Dressler (1927 - 2019): Botánico y ser humano extraordinario
(2020) Morales Sánchez, Carlos
Se presenta un texto biográfico y una valoración de la extensa obra científica del botánico Robert L. Dressler, que dedicó la mayor parte de su vida y su esfuerzo al estudio sistemático y taxonómico de las orquídeas, llegando a ser durante varias décadas la máxima autoridad mundial en orquideología neotropical.
Phalaenopsis schilleriana
(2004) Karremans Lok, Adam Philip
El género Phalaenopsis, que consta de unas 60 especies, es uno de los más populares en la hibridación y la venta comercial, principalmente debido a la belleza, tamaño y duración de sus flores. Además, el crecimiento lento y ordenado de la planta la hace perfecta como planta ornamental.
Polimorfismos genéticos en Costa Rica.
(Acta Médica Costarricense 41(3):3, 1999) Barrantes Mesén, Ramiro
En Costa Rica, pocos son los estudios genéticos realizados en la población general, constituida por una amalgama que incluye tres etnias principales en diferentes proporciones. El trabajo de Rojas et al. representa un aporte inicial en este sentido y plantea el enfoque adecuado.
Problemas asociados al manejo de la flora ornamental y la jardinería en Costa Rica
(2021-09-01) Chacón Madrigal, Eduardo; Rojas Rojas, Licidia María
La tenencia y cuido de plantas con fines ornamentales son pasatiempos que han aumentado en popularidad y cada vez se involucran más personas (Gessert, 2021). De hecho, la pandemia por COVID-19 motivó a que millones de personas en el mundo encontraran en la jardinería una actividad que les permite mejorar la salud mental manteniendo el distanciamiento social. El cuido y mantenimiento de plantas ornamentales es una actividad bastante agradable y relajante y podría ser beneficiosa para el ambiente y las personas. Incluso esta podría convertirse en una actividad comercial para muchas familias.
Recircumscription of Pityphyllum (Orchidaceae: Maxillariinae)
(2006-03) Whitten, W. Mark; Blanco Coto, Mario Alberto; Williams, Norris H.
Based upon morphological and molecular evidence, Maxillaria huancabambae (Kraenzl.) C. Schweinf. and M. saragurensis Dodson are transferred to Pityphyllum Schltr. These and other species of Pityphyllum are illustrated with photographs and a revised key to the genus is presented. In the course of our ongoing studies of the phylogenetics of subtribe Maxillariinae, we have made several trips to the extensive orchid greenhouses of Ecuagenera in Gualaceo, Ecuador. Although field and herbarium work is indispensable for taxonomic studies, large living collections such as those at Ecuagenera provide valuable opportunities to see large numbers of related taxa cultivated side by side. Recently, our observations of its large collections of Maxillaria and related genera provided us with insights into the relationships of the genus Pityphyllum Schltr.
The New Refugium Botanicum. Angraecum sesquipedale
(2019) Pupulin, Franco
Angraecum sesquipedaleThouars, Histoire Particulière des Plantes Orchidées (Hist. Orchid.), pl. 66 & 67. 1822. TYPE: Madagascar, without specific locality, 1798, L. M. A.-A. du Petit-Thouars s.n.; lectotype, designated by Du Puy et al. (1999), plates 66 and 67 of Hist. Orch. A large, epiphytic, lithophytic or semiterrestrial, monopodial, erect herb to over 60 cm tall. Roots flexuous, glabrous, thick, to 8 mm in diameter, produced from the base of the node subopposite to the leaf on the lower part of the stem. Stem slightly flattened, to 12 mm wide, completely covered by the conduplicate, subancipitous, tightly clasping leaf sheaths, the oldest ones becoming brownpapyraceous. Leaves articulate with the sheaths, coriaceous, dark green, detaching when old, ligulate, irregularly bilobed at apex, 10–30 × 1.4–2.7 cm. Inflorescence produced laterally from the stem and emerging from the axil of one of the upper sheaths, a lateral, 1- (Ang. sesquipedale var. angustifolium) to few-flowered (no more than six), arched to gently pendent, successive or simultaneously flowering raceme 25–30 cm long including the peduncle; peduncle terete, green, 10–12 cm long, with 2–3 triangular, cucullate, hyaline bracts becoming brownish with age, ca. 1 cm long.
The New Refugium Botanicum. Bulbophyllum medusae
(2019) Díaz Morales, Melissa; Pupulin, Franco
Bulbophyllum medusae (Lindl.) Rchb.f, Annales Botanices Systematicae 6: 262. 1864. Cirrhopetalum medusae Lindl., Edwards’s Botanical Register 28: t.12. 1842. Phyllorchis medusae (Lindl.) Kuntze, Revisio Generum Plantarum 2: 677. 1891. TYPE: Singapore, H. Cuming s.n. (holotype, K). An epiphytic, small herb up to 25 cm tall, often forming large clumps. Rhizome creeping, 5.5–6.0 mm in diameter, the internodes elongate, the pseudobulbs 5–8 cm apart. Pseudobulbs ovoid, slightly triquetrous, to 4.3 × 3.0 cm, unifoliate. Leaves oblong, obtuse, coriaceous, bending backwards, base deeply conduplicate, midgreen, 12.5–15.3 × 1.9–2.8 cm, the base of the younger shoots covered by two or three glumaceous, enveloping, triangular-ovate bracts, becoming dry and papyraceous with age, the upper one larger, to 3.6 × 3.0 cm.
The new refugium botanicum. Cochleanthes aromatica
(2019-11) Salguero Hernández, Grettel; Pupulin, Franco
Descripción de una especie de orquídea de género Cochleanthes.
The New Refugium Botanicum. Cymbidium ensifolium f. misericors
(2020) Pupulin, Franco
Cymbidium ensifolium (L.) Sw. subsp. ensifolium f. misericors (Hayata) Pupulin, stat. nov. Cymbidium misericors Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan. 4:79, f. 386. 1914. Cymbidium ensifolium (L.) Sw. var. misericors (Hayata) T. P.Lin, Native Orchids Taiwan 2:105–108. 1977. Cymbidium kanran var. misericors (Hayata) S.S.Ying, Col. Illust. Indig. Orch. Taiwan 1:440. 1977. Cymbidium ensifolium var. misericors (Hayata) T.S.Liu and H.J.Su, Fl. Taiwan 5:942. 1978. (nom. inval. homon.). TYPE: China: Taiwan. Mt. Kwannonzan, prope Tamsui; cult. in seminario Taihoku, Mar 1914, B. Hayata s.n. (holotype, TI). Cymbidium xiphiifolium Lindl., Bot. Reg. 7:t.529. 1821. Cymbidium ensifolium var. xiphiifolium (Lindl.) S. S.Ying, Mem. Coll. Agric. Natl. Taiwan Univ. 30(1):38. 1990. TYPE: China?. Our plant flowered [...] in the hothouse at Wormeleybury, having been newly introduced by S, Abraham Hume, as believed, from China, A. Hume s.n. (holotpe, K). Cymbidium misericors var. oreophilum Hayata, Icon. Pl. Formosan 4:81. 1914, nom. nudum.
The New Refugium Botanicum. Diplocaulobium lageniforme
(2021) Chinchilla Alvarado, Isler Fabián; Pupulin, Franco
Diplocaulobium lageniforme (J.J.Sm.) Kraenzl., Pflanzenr. 340. 1910. Basionym: Dendrobium lageniforme J.J. Sm., Icon. Bogor. 1:86 t. 116 B. 1903. TYPE: [Western New Guinea. Papua:] Hab. Niederl. Neu Guinea, am Sungei Maroka [April 1901], Jaheri s.n. (holotype: BO; isotypes: AMES21504/00090129; U-1460580). Epiphytic, caespitose, erect plant, up to 24 cm tall. Roots slender, flexuous, ca. 9 cm long, 1 mm in diameter. Pseudobulbs obclavate, heteroblastic 5.5–14.0 cm long, with the thickened, conical to ovoid, green- to lime-colored, smooth, fleshy base 1.0–2.5 × 0.5– 1.5 cm, tapering into an erect, elongated, thin, terete stem, the base of pseudobulbs covered with 1–2 brown, lanceolate, acute, papyraceous cataphylls 2.0–4.0 × 0.7–1.4 cm, shedding as the pseudobulb matures. Leaves 1, articulate from the apex of the pseudobulb, erect, coriaceous, elliptical to lanceolate or oblanceolate, obtuse, emarginate, 3.5–7.5 × 1.0–2.3 cm. Inflorescence terminal, one-flowered, arising from a compressed, conical, papyraceous spathe 10–17 mm long at apex of pseudobulb; peduncle abbreviated.
The New Refugium Botanicum. Figures and Descriptions from Living Specimens, of Little Known or New Plants of Botanical Interest Grown at Lankester Botanical Garden. Maxillariella (Maxillaria) tenuifolia
(2011) Fernández Campos, Melania
Figures and Descriptions from Living Specimens, of little Known or New Plants of Botanical Interest Grown at Lankester Botanical Garden, University of Costa Rica
The New Refugium Botanicum. Lycaste tricolor
(2018) Pupulin, Franco
Lycaste tricolor Klotzsch ex Rchb.f. in Ca.Mueller, Ann. Bot. Syst. 6: 603. 1863. Syn.: Maxillaria tricolor Klotzsch, Allg. Gartenzeitung 20: 186. 1852, nom. illeg., non Maxillaria tricolor Ruiz & Pav. 1798. TYPE: Erroneously stated as “found in the greenhouses of the factory-owner Rauen in Berlin [...], flowered under the care of the gardener Gireoud, where they were introduced by Mr. Warszewicz from Guatemala” (holotype, B, destroyed). Epiphytic, caespitose, large herb forming tight clumps, up to 50 cm tall. Roots produced from the rhizome, mostly from the nodes supporting the stems, coarse, flexuous, to 2.5 mm in diameter. Rhizome short, stout, freely branching, concealed by appressed, imbricating, brown sheaths. Pseudobulbs ovoid, somewhat compressedancipitous, 6–8 ribbed, slightly shiny, without apical spines after shedding the leaves, 4–8 cm long, 2.5–4.0 cm wide, apically bifoliate, enclosed by 3–4, imbricating, foliaceous sheaths, the leafy blades progressively longer and wider toward the apex. Leaves plicate, petiolate, elliptic-lanceolate, acute to subacuminate, pale green, matte, sometime shedding at flowering, 30–60 × 6–10 cm. Inflorescences lateral, produced from the base of the previous year’s pseudobulb, simultaneously to the development of the new vegetative shoot, up to eight simultaneously, single–flowered racemes much shorter than the leaves; peduncle terete, stout, erect to arcuate, 6–11 cm long, with 3–4 membranous, acute, greenish to brown, lax, turgid bracts, a little shorter than the internodes, 6–9 mm long
The New Refugium Botanicum. Oncidium cheirophorum
(2018) Pupulin, Franco
Oncidium cheirophorum Rchb. f., Bot. Zeit. Berlin 10: 695. 1852. TYPE: [Panama]. Chiriqui Vulkan, J. Warscewicz s.n. (holotype, W). Heterotypic synonyms: Oncidium cheirophorum var. exauriculatum Hamer & Garay, Orquíd. El Salvador 2: 176–177, t. 1974. Oncidium exauriculatum (Hamer & Garay) R. Jiménez, Orquídea (Mexico City), n.s. 12(2): 270–272. 1992. TYPE: Costa Rica: Guanacaste: Tilarán, P. Standley & J. Valerio 46266 (holotype, AMES; isotype: US). Oncidium dielsianum Kraenzl., Pflanzenr. IV. 50(Heft 80): 197. 1922. SYNTYPES: Subäquatoriale andine Provinz. Costa Rica, A.R. Endrés s.n. (W); Costa Rica. San José. Carmiol s.n. (W). Oncidium macrorhynchum Kraenzl.,Pflanzenr. IV. 50(Heft 80): 200. 1922. TYPE: Subäquatoriale andine Provinz. Costa Rica. San Juan de Candelaria, A. R. Endrés s.n. (holotype, W).
The New Refugium Botanicum. Phalaenopsis mariae
(2019-09) Pupulin, Franco
Phalaenopsis mariae Burb. ex Warn. & B.S.Wms., Orchid Album 2: t. 80, sub t. 87. 1883. Polychilos mariae (Burb. ex Warn. & B.S.Wms.) Shim, Malayan Nat. Journ. 36: 25. 1982. TYPE: The Philippines. Sulu Island [actually Jolo], Bunt-Dohan, 600 m, F. W. Burbidge s. n. (holotype, W). A large, monopodial, few-leaved, arcuate to pendent epiphytic herb to about 30 (–40) cm tall. Roots numerous, fleshy, flexuous, glabrous, with green apices, 5–6 mm in diameter. Stem short to very short, completely enclosed by the imbricating leaf sheaths. Leaves 4–7, distichous, deflexed to arching-pendent, thick-coriaceous to fleshy, light green, oblong-ligulate to oblong-obovate, rarely oblong-elliptic, acute or obtuse, sometimes slightly undulate, to 30 (–40) × 7 (–10) cm.
The New Refugium Botanicum. Phragmipedium longifolium
(2021) Díaz Morales, Melissa; Pupulin, Franco
Phragmipedium longifolium (Warsz. & Rchb.f.) Rolfe, Orchid Rev. 4(47):332. 1896. Cypripedium longifolium Warsz. & Rchb. f., Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 10(40):690. 1852. Selenipedium longifolium (Warsz. & Rchb. f.) Rchb.f. & Warsz., Xenia Orchid. 1:3. 1854. Paphiopedilum longifolium (Warsz. & Rchb.f.) Pftzer, Pringsh. Jahrb. Wiss. Bot. 2:6: 159. 1888. Phragmopedilum longifolium (Warsz. & Rchb.f.) Pftzer, Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 25:527. 1898. TYPE: Central America. J. Warszewicz s.n. (holotype, W). Heterotypic synonyms: Phragmipedium christiansenianum O. Gruss & Roeth, Orchidee (Hamburg) 52:76. 2001. TYPE: Colombia: ex Hort. Hans Christiansen Fredensborg, Denmark, Roeth 083737. Cypripedium hartwegii Rchb.f., Bot. Zeitung (Berlin) 10:714. 1852. Phragmipedium hartwegii (Rchb.f.) Pfitzer in H.G.A. Engler (ed.), Pflanzenr., IV, 50(12):48. 1903. Phragmipedium longifolium var. hartwegii (Pfitzer) Hallier, Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg 14:45. 1897. TYPE: Ecuador. Pichincha, Hartweg s.n. (K, W). Selenipedium dariense Rchb.f., Nov. Actorum Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. Nat. Cur. 35(2):8. 1869. Phragmipedium dariense (Rchb.f.) Garay, Orchid Digest 43:141. 1979. TYPE: Panama, near Cap Darién, Seeman s.n. Selenipedium roezlii Rchb.f., Gartenflora 20:164. 1871. Phragmipedium roezlii (Rchb.f.) Garay, Orchid Digest 43:145. 1979. TYPE: Brazil. Roezl. s.n. (W). Cypripedium hincksianum Rchb.f., Gard. Chron., n.s. 1:202. 1878. Phragmipedium hincksianum (Rchb.f.) Garay, Orchid Digest 43: 144. 1979. TYPE: Without locality, T. C. Hinks s.n. (W).
The New Refugium Botanicum. Rhynchostylis gigantea
(2021) Pupulin, Franco
Rhynchostylis gigantea (Lindl.) Ridl., J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 32:356. 1896. Saccolabium giganteum Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl. 221. 1833. Gastrochilus giganteus (Lindl.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2:661. 1891. Anota gigantea (Lindl.) Fukuy., Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Taiwan 34:111. 1944. TYPE: [Myanmar]. Habitat in India Orientali prope Prome, N. Wallich 7306 (holotype, K). Other synonyms: Vanda densiflora Lindl., Paxton’s Fl. Gard. 2:21, sub t. 42. 1851. TYPE: [India]. Habitat in India Orientali prope Madras, R. Wight s.n. (holotype, K). Vanda violacea Lindl., Edwards’s Bot. Reg. 27: Misc. 12. 1841. TYPE: Philippines. Manila. Sent to Messrs. Loddiges, H. Cuming s.n. (holotype, K). Saccolabium harrisonianum Hook.f., Bot. Mag. 90:t. 5433. 1864. TYPE: [Indonesia?]. Imported by C.H. Harrison from Pulo Copang, comm. from Messrs. Stuart & Low, Nov. 1863, Harrison s.n. (holotype, K). Saccolabium albolineatum Teijsm. & Binn., Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ned.-Indië 27:20. 1864. TYPE: Thailand: Hab. Regnum Siamense, Tejismann s.n. (holotype, L). Saccolabium giganteum var. illustre Rchb.f., Gard. Chron. n.s. 21:44. 1884. TYPE: India: Assam, ex hort F. Sander s.n. (holotype, W). Saccolabium giganteum var. petonianum Rchb.f., Gard. Chron. n.s. 24:746. 1885. TYPE: [Vietnam] CochinChina, ex hort. M. Godefroy Lebeuf s.n. (holotype, W). Vanda hainanensis Rolfe, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1896(119):199. 1896. TYPE: China. Hainan, B.C. Henry 37 (holotype, K).

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