Actualidades en Psicología 28 (117)

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https://hdl.handle.net/10669/12711

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Animal models of fear and anxiety: neurobehavioral descriptions
(2014-11-19 11:02:48) Mora Gallegos, Andrea; Salas Castillo, Sofía
Animal models of fear and anxiety have been widely used for the comprehension of anxiety disorders in humans, however, it has not been easy to distinguish between both concepts at physiological and behavioral levels. One way to model anxiety disorders is through behavioral tests of anxiety, (such as the elevated plus maze and the open field test), and fear (using the fear conditioning paradigm and active avoidance). Furthermore, animal models are relevant to study the involvement of different brain areas, like the amygdala, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. In general, fear and anxiety can be considered as normal adaptive responses; however, elevated levels of both might generate detrimental consequences for the individual.
Diferencias individuales en modelos animales: un enfoque para el estudio de factores neurobiológicos relacionados con depresión
(2014-11-20 00:00:00) Sequeira Cordero, Andrey; Fornaguera Trías, Jaime
El estudio de las diferencias individuales en la prueba de nado forzado (PNF) en ratas permite la identificación de factores de susceptibilidad o de resistencia en el desarrollo conductas relacionadas con la depresión. Para estudiar estas diferencias, varios grupos de ratas fueron sometidos a la PNF; posteriormente, los animales con baja y alta inmovilidad fueron comparados, lo que permitió identificar una serie de características que podrían estar actuando como factores de riesgo o de protección. Así, factores neurobiológicos como la expresión diferencial en el núcleo accumbens del receptor 1 para el factor liberador de corticotropina (CRFR1), una tasa diferencial de recambio de dopamina en esa misma región y la cinética de expresión diferencial del factor neurotrófico derivado del cerebro (BDNF) en la corteza prefrontal, podrían jugar un papel importante en la modulación de conductas depresivas. La presente revisión resume nuestros resultados más importantes en esta línea de investigación.
Diferencias individuales en modelos animales: un enfoque para el estudio de factores neurobiológicos relacionados con depresión
(2014) Sequeira Cordero, Andrey; Fornaguera Trías, Jaime
El estudio de las diferencias individuales en la prueba de nado forzado (PNF) en ratas permite la identificación de factores de susceptibilidad o de resistencia en el desarrollo conductas relacionadas con la depresión. Para estudiar estas diferencias, varios grupos de ratas fueron sometidos a la PNF; posteriormente, los animales con baja y alta inmovilidad fueron comparados, lo que permitió identificar una serie de características que podrían estar actuando como factores de riesgo o de protección. Así, factores neurobiológicos como la expresión diferencial en el núcleo accumbens del receptor 1 para el factor liberador de corticotropina (CRFR1), una tasa diferencial de recambio de dopamina en esa misma región y la cinética de expresión diferencial del factor neurotrófico derivado del cerebro (BDNF) en la corteza prefrontal, podrían jugar un papel importante en la modulación de conductas depresivas. La presente revisión resume nuestros resultados más importantes en esta línea de investigación.
Drug abuse: neurobiological and terapeutic generalities
(2014-11-19 00:00:00) Velásquez Martínez, María Carolina; Ortiz, Jose
Drug abuse is an illness characterized by the urge to obtain and consume a given substance independently of the negative consequences. There are biological, social and psychological factors that predispose an individual to abuse drugs. Adolescents are most vulnerable because their brain has not fully matured yet and there are strong social and psychological pressures. Thus, prevention is most effective at this age. Most abused drugs target the brain's mesocorticolimbic system. Dopamine and glutamate play a major role in this circuit that normally mediates motivated behaviors. It is thought that abused substances modify this circuit using mechanisms similar to normal learning resulting in dysfunctional learning. Such changes are very long lasting and can be evoked by events reminiscent of the drug abuse, in the absence of the drug. A multidisciplinary approach is needed because drug abuse has biological, social and psychological components. Cognitive and behavioral therapies are often paired with pharmacological agents that address specific drug withdrawal and abstinence symptoms.
Evidences of Construct Validity of the NEUPSILIN Using Confirmatory Factorial Analysis
(2014-11-20 00:00:00) Pawlowski, Josiane; Remor, Eduardo; Fumagalli de Salles, Jerusa; de Mattos Pimenta Parente, Maria Alice; Paz Fonseca, Rochele; Ruschel Bandeira, Denise
The objective was to provide evidences of construct validity of the NEUPSILIN Brief Neuropsychological Assessment Instrument. The participants were 1017 healthy Brazilian, 67.1% women, 12 to 90 years old (M = 36.72; SD = 23.90) and 1-27 years of education (M = 8.68; SD = 4.02). Participants answered the 32 tasks of NEUPSILIN that assess orientation, attention, perception, memory, arithmetic abilities, language, praxis and executive functions. Theoretical-hypothetical, adjusted and alternative models of language, memory, praxis and executive functions were analyzed with Generalized Least Square method of AMOS (18.0). The adjusted models of language and praxis, the hypothetical-theoretical model of verbal memory and the alternative model of executive functions showed better adjustment indicators than other models. Results indicate the validity of measures of language, memory, praxis and executive functions of NEUPSILIN.
Formal cognitive models: A tool for the knowledge integration of cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience
(2014-11-20 00:00:00) Rodríguez Villagra, Odir Antonio
The aim of this review was to propose some pieces of advice to cognitive psychologists interested in incorporate the study of the nervous system on their researches. First, this work presents the scholars’ resistances to take into account theories and findings from neurosciences or cognitive psychology in their respective research area; then, some risks related to the allure of neurosciences are offered. Second, formal cognitive models are proposed as an important tool to incorporate in the cognitive neuroscience research. Third, some arguments and examples showing how formal cognitive models aid reasoning and research in cognitive neuroscience are given. Finally, some proposals are presented in order to promote a suitable start in the cognitive neuroscience research.
How dopamine shapes representations in auditory cortex
(2014-11-20 00:00:00) Puschmann, Sebastian; Weis, Tina; Thiel, Christiane M.
The neural representation of sound in the auditory cortex is not invariably predetermined by its acoustical properties, but it is constantly reshaped while the listener acquires new experiences. Such plastic changes are a prerequisite for lifelong learning and allow some degree of rehabilitation after brain injuries. Several neurotransmitter systems modulate these plastic changes. In this paper, we focus on how the neurotransmitter dopamine modulates learning-related plasticity in auditory cortex, and how animal and human research can complement each other in providing an experimental approach that has relevance for studying mechanisms of recovery of function
Increased Prefrontal-Parietal EEG Gamma Band Correlation during Motor Imagery in Expert Video Game Players
(2014-11-19 00:00:00) Almanza Sepúlveda, Mayra Linné; Llamas Alonso, Julio; Guevara, Miguel Angel; Hernández González, Marisela
Abstract. The aim of this study was to characterize the prefrontal-parietal EEG correlation in experienced video game players (VGPs) in relation to individuals with little or no video game experience (NVGPs) during a motor imagery condition for an action-type video game. The participants in both groups watched a first-person shooter (FPS) gameplay from Halo Reach during five minutes. None of the participants was notified as to the content of the video before watching it. Only the VGPs showed an increased right intrahemispheric prefrontal-parietal correlation (F4-P4) in the gamma band (31-50 Hz) during the observation of the gameplay. These data provide novel information on the participation of the gamma band during motor imagery for an action-type video game. It is probable that this higher degree of coupling between the prefrontal and parietalcortices could represent a characteristic pattern of brain functionality in VGPs as they make motor representations.
Modelos animales de miedo y ansiedad: descripciones neuro-conductuales
(2014) Mora Gallegos, Andrea; Salas Castillo, Sofía
Los modelos animales de miedo y ansiedad se han utilizado para la comprensión de trastornos de ansiedad en humanos, sin embargo no ha sido fácil diferenciar ambos conceptos a nivel fisiológico y conductual. Una forma de modelar estos trastornos es mediante pruebas conductuales de ansiedad (como el laberinto en cruz elevado o la prueba de campo abierto) y de miedo (como el condicionamiento al miedo y la evitación activa). Además, estos modelos permiten estudiar diferentes áreas cerebrales involucradas como la amígdala, el hipocampo y la corteza prefrontal. En general, el miedo y la ansiedad se pueden considerar respuestas adaptativas normales, sin embargo niveles elevados de ambos pueden generar consecuencias perjudiciales para el individuo
Modelos cognitivos formales: La piedra angular entre la psicología cognitiva y la neurociencia cognitiva
(2014) Rodríguez Villagra, Odir Antonio
El objetivo de la presente revisión fue proponer algunas recomendaciones para aquellos psicólogos cognitivos interesados en incorporar el estudio del sistema nervioso en sus investigaciones. Primero, son presentadas algunas resistencias de científicos cognitivos y neurocientíficos para incorporar las teorías de la neurociencia o la psicología cognitiva en sus respectivas áreas de estudio. Luego, se exponen algunos riesgos relacionados con el atractivo de las neurociencias. Segundo, se proponen los modelos cognitivos formales como una herramienta importante en la integración del conocimiento entre la psicología cognitiva y la neurociencia cognitiva. Tercero, se presentan ejemplos de cómo los modelos cognitivos formales ayudan al razonamiento en el contexto de la investigación en neurociencia cognitiva. Finalmente, se enumeran algunas recomendaciones con el afán de promover un inicio promisorio en la investigación en neurociencia cognitiva.
Neurobiology of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and its Frontostriatal Implications: a short review
(2014-11-19 00:00:00) Sánchez Castillo, Hugo; Paz Trejo, Diana; Vazquéz Ramírez, Josselyn; Zarate González, Pavel; Migliaro, Martin
Throughout its evolutionary course, stress has remained as an adaptive response to stimuli that may jeopardize the integrity of an organism. Within this perspective, we can classify the stressors as psychological,physical or harmful to cardiovascular stability. However, when intense stressful events occur, there is a possibility of developing PTSD. This disorder makes use of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which is commonly activated during stress and is kept activated even when the stressful stimulus has ended months ago. The consequences of this condition are observed at the neuroendocrine, neurochemical and anatomical level. This review aims to give a brief report of the neurobiology of stress, PTSD, and its implications in various structures,such as the amygdala, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex.
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(2014-11-21 00:00:00) Fornaguera Trías, Jaime

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