Agronomía Costarricense 37(1)

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https://hdl.handle.net/10669/13957

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Agronomic and nutritional evaluation of african star grass-based pastures (Cynodon nlemfuensis) in the region of Monteverde, Puntarenas, Costa Rica. I. Dry matter yield and phenology.
(2013-07-03 00:00:00) Villalobos Villalobos, Luis Alonso; Arce Cordero, José Alberto
Dry matter yield and phenology of african star grass (Cynodon nlemfuensis)- based pastures were evaluated in 4 commercial dairy farms nearby to the region of Monteverde (latitude 10°20’ N, longitude 84°50’ W, 800 to 1200 masl) every other month during a two-year period. Average dry matter yield and phenological stage were 4484 kg.ha-1.grazing-1 cycle and 7.36 green leaves per regrowth, respectively. Botanical composition of pastures was 86.81% african star grass, 2.52% other grasses, 1.39% legumes, 1.53% weeds and 7.75% senescent material. Dry matter availability was higher in farms with Pacific Ocean climatic influence and decreased in the rainiest months. The phenological stage of the african star grass is between 6 to 8 green leaves per regrowth, allowing for an adequate recovery of the plant, and decreased in months with excessive precipitation.
Control of Dysmicoccus brevipes (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on the pineapple fruit, San Carlos, Costa Rica.
(2013-07-03 00:00:00) Vindas, Alexandra Miranda; Blanco Metzler, Helga
The study evaluated 6 products for Dysmicoccus brevipes control in pineapple production (Ananas comosus). The laboratory test was conducted in the BioEco Natural Company S.A., biocontrol laboratory in Aguas Zarcas, San Carlos, while the field trials were conducted in a commercial pineapple plantation in Venecia, San Carlos. In the laboratory test Beauveria bassiana (4.0 x 1010 spores.g-1); Metarhizium anisopliae (1.0 x 1010 spores.g-1); a mixture of both fungi (0.5 g + 0.5 g.l-1 of 4.0 x 1010 spores.g-1 + 1.0 x 1010 spores.g-1 distilled water); a potassium salt liquid soap “Goyca®” (7 ml.l-1); the botanical extract (Biorep®) (a hot pepper, garlic, onion, mustard and gavilana mixture) (7 ml.l- 1); and distilled water as control, were evaluated. The most promising results were with the botanical extract and the liquid soap, which caused faster mortality. The treatments evaluated in the pineapple plantation, var. MD-2, were the same, except for the control where products in use in the commercial farm were used: Diazinon® 60 EC (diazinon) (0.5 ml.l-1) and Sevin® 80 WP (carbaril) (1 kg.ha-1). The botanical extract resulted in the lowest incidence of mealybugs (X=6.4), < control (X=10.8), < the Goyca (X=13.7), < M. anisopliae (X=44.4), < B.bassiana (X=45.1), and < B.b+M.a (X=45.8). There were no differences in fruit length and girth as a result of the applied products. The cost per hectare was similar among treatments, being lowest in the control (18.800 colons), and highest in the botanical extract (29.700 colons). The results show as best option the use of the liquid soap used to control D. brevipes.
Cryopreservation de of shoots and seeds of cedar (Cedrela odorata L.)
(2013-07-03 00:00:00) García Rojas, Tatiana; Abdelnour Esquivel, Ana
In order to protect the forest resources of Cedrela odorata L., currently threatened, it was considered necessary to establish a protocol for its cryopreservation. Research was conducted using shoots and seeds. Vitrification techniques were evaluated with shoots, using various solutions and rapid freezing in liquid nitrogen (LN). Initially the best results were obtained using incubation for 5 min in PVS3 solution before freezing, survival being 61% after 3 weeks of culture on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 1.0 mg.l-1 BAP and 0.1 mg.l-1 GA3. Moreover, by incubating the apices in 0.3 M sucrose solution for 5 min prior to freezing, the survival rate reached 86% after 2 weeks of culture on MS medium with 1.0 mg.l-1 BAP, 0.1 mg.l-1 GA3 and 0.01 mg.l-1 IAA. When incubation in the solution of 0.3 M sucrose was used and recovery MS medium with 1 mg.l-1 KIN, 0.5 mg.l-1 GA3 and 100 mg.l-1 activated charcoal, the appearance of the surviving shoots improved significantly. For cryopreservation of cedar seeds, the methodology of dehydration and rapid freezing in liquid nitrogen (LN) was evaluated. Seeds with moisture content between 7.9% and 5.5% were placed in 5 ml polypropylene vials and these were directly immersed in NL. The effect of the storage period in NL (1 h, 24 h, 7 days, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months) on seed germination was evaluated. There were no statistical differences in ability of seeds to germinate after storage during different periods.
Cryopreservation of teak (Tectona grandis L.f) seeds
(2013-07-03 00:00:00) Hine Gómez, Ana; Vargas Castillo, Pilar; Abdelnour Esquivel, Ana
Teak (Tectona grandis L.f) is a tropical tree of commercial value due to the high demand of its high-quality wood and rapid growth. Genetic improvement programs for this species have resulted in seeds of better quality and, at the same time, improvement in the quality of plantations. To preserve genetic diversity and guarantee the raw material for improvement programs and for future reproduction, seeds are kept under conventional seed banks conditions with temperature ranging between 4 and –20oC. However, there are other means to conserve this valuable germplasm. Cryopreservation is the storage of plant material in liquid nitrogen (NL, -196oC) and its major advantage is the conservation for indefinite periods of time, under high genetic stability conditions. Survival and regeneration of plants after seed freezing in liquid nitrogen (LN) were evaluated in this work, using the dessiccation and rapid freezing technique. The methodology was tested both, in seeds isolated from endocarps (seeds) asin seeds inside endocarps (seeds with endocarps), with germination rates, after thawing and 28 days in culture, of 84% and 70% respectively.
Effect of fungicides propineb and mancozeb on the nutritional status of banana plants growing under hydroponic culture
(2013-07-03 00:00:00) Méndez Fernández, Juan Carlos; Bertsch Hernández, Floria; Castro, Oscar
The effect of reiterative and/or alternate application of propineb and mancozeb fungicides on the nutritional status and growth of banana seedlings produced in vitro culture was evaluated. The greenhouse experiment was conducted under hydroponic culture with 2 different nutrient solutions, with high and low contents of Mg and Zn, high content of Mn and optimal amounts in the other mineral nutrients in both solutions. The foliar treatments were: a control, propineb in water, propineb in water:oil-emulsion, propineb alternated with mancozeb, mancozeb, and mancozeb + Zn (all of them applied as emulsion). Variables evaluated were: dry matter (g) and concentration and absorption of Mg, Mn and Zn in leaves, pseudostem and roots. Highest Zn concentration in leaves and pseudostem was obtained with treatments including propineb (twice that found in the control treatment), regardless of Zn amounts in the nutrient solution. The concentration of Zn in the root was affected only by the level of this element in the nutrient solution. The concentration and total absorption of Mg in all plant tissues was significantly increased when the amount of this element increased in the nutrient solution, while Mn showed the opposite behavior, the reason why the Mg:Mn ratio in the tissues (specially in the root) was affected. Neither of these 2 elements was influenced by the foliar application of fungicides. The highest dry weight of the aerial and root biomass was obtained with the nutrient solution with low levels of Mg and Zn. Ca concentrations in all tissues were halved when Mg concentration increased eight-fold in the solution.
Evaluation of practices associated with the removal of flowers, lateral or central fruits and/or first hand in the banana bunch
(2013-07-03 00:00:00) Vargas, Alfonso
Practices associated with banana bunch management were evaluated in the Caribbean of Costa Rica during 2011 in 6 experiments. These were, 1 and 2: with (control) and without deflowering; 3 and 4: without (control) and with central fruit cluster in lower hand; 5 and 6: a-removal of 3 lower hands and / or tunnel (first hand), b-removal of the first hand and 2 lower hands, and c-removal of 2 lower hands, conformation of fruit cluster (lower hand) and tunnel (first hand). Production and performance variables were measured. Experiments testing deflowering and fruit cluster showed no differences (p>0.0620) in production variables between treatments. Neither in experiments 5 and 6, except for bunch weight (p<0.0450), fruit thickness (p>0.0109, first and fourth hand, experiment 5) and fruit length (p=0.0443; second hand, experiment 5); no differences (p>0.0804) were found in the remainder variables. Rejection components did not differ between treatments (p<0.0652) except for growth scar (p=0.0353; experiment 2) and fresh injury (p=0.0192; experiment 6). Exportable performance was similar (p>0.5750) between deflowering treatments. In experiment 3 bunches with fruit cluster showed higher export yield (p<0.0045) first quality performance (p<0.0007). In experiments 5 and 6 no differences (p<0.0612) were detected between treatments. Although in many cases the differences did not reach statistical significance on exportable fruit, these represent an important increase in those bunches with fruit cluster.
Genetic resistance of tomato hybrids [Solanum lycopersicum L. (Mill.)] to tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV)
(2013-07-03 00:00:00) Gabriel, Julio; Sanabria, Daniel; Veramendi, Silene; Plata, Giovanna; Angulo, Ada; Crespo, Mario
This research was conducted at the PROINPA Foundation’s greenhouse and laboratory in Cochabamba, Bolivia in 2012. Its objective was to evaluate the resistance and susceptibility to Tomato spotted wilt virus – TSWV, Tomato cholorotic spot virus – TCSV and Groundnut ringspot virus – GRSV in 10 tomato hybrids. Phenotypic and molecular pattern (SCAR marker SW-421) evaluations were performed in order to differentiate homozygous and heterozygous resistant from susceptible plants. Results showed that molecular marker Sw421 is co-located with the TSWV-resistance Sw-5 gene. A TSWV-resistance band (R) was observed at 940 bp and showed the homozygous presence of the Sw-5 allele (Sw-5/Sw-5) in PROINPA 2 (Aguai) and PROINPA 9 (Bonita) varieties. PROINPA 1 (Andinita), PROINPA 3 (Arami), PROINPA 4 (Yara), PROINPA 5 (Pintona), PROINPA 6 (Jasuka) and PROINPA 10 (Bola Pera) varieties, showed a TSWV resistance band (H) at 900- 940 bp in the heterozygous state (Sw-5/Sw-5+). Only PROINPA 7 (Redonda), the male parent 71 LACHING 89S Sw-5 and the variety Shannon showed TSWV susceptibility gene (S) at 900 bp in the homozygous-recessive state (Sw-5+/Sw-5+). The results of the severity analysis and of DAS- ELISA were confirmed by the molecular analysis.
Identification of the agent causing anthracnose on Sansevieria spp., in Costa Rica.
(2013-07-03 00:00:00) Pérez León, Gerardo; Chavarría Pérez, Lourdes; Araya Quesada, Julio; Gómez Alpízar, Luis
Sansevieria spp. (Agavaceae), native to Africa and Asia, is a foliage ornamental known as “mother-in-law’s tongue” or sansevieria. S. trifasciata (St) is the species with the highest number of cultivars on the Costa Rican export market. (to the United States and the Netherlands). Leaf samples of S. trifasciata var. “Hahnii” with circular and aqueous lesions, (some dried and elongated) were analyzed. From infected tissue five monohyphal isolates were obtained. The pathogen was identified as Colletotrichum sansevieriae Nakamura (CsN) on the basis of pathogenicity tests, morphology and molecular techniques. Colonies were creamcolored, flat and produced few conidia. The pathogenicity of the isolates was assessed on 7 varieties of St; Sansevieria sp., var. Jiboia; S. cylindrica and the ornamentals Codiaeum variegatum, Cordelyne terminalis and Dracaena deremensis through greenhouse (pot) and laboratory (separate leaves) inoculations. In both conditions disease symptoms were reproduced. Five of the S. trifasciata varieties evaluated developed symptoms, var. “Hahnii” the most susceptible. The same pathogen was reisolated from inoculated leaves (Koch’s postulates). PCR amplification of the ITS region with starters ITS5 and ITS4 yielded a single fragment of approximately 600 base pairs. Sequences of the ITS regions of isolates were identical. Sequences exhibited 99-100% nucleotide identity to isolates of CsN collected from diseased sansevieria in Australia and USA. Phylogenetic analysis, based on ITS2 region, indicates that the Costa Rican isolates clustered (99% bootstrap support) with the type species CsN from Japan and Australia and USA isolates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of CsN causing anthracnose of sansevieria in C.R.
Precomposting of organic residues and its effect in the population dynamics of Einsenia foetida
(2013-07-03 00:00:00) Acosta Durán, Carlos Manuel; Solís Pérez, Ofelia; Villegas Torres, Oscar Gabriel; Cardoso Vigueros, Lina
Composting and vermicomposting are processes used to transform organic solid residues into fertilizers (compost and vermicompost, respectively). The physical, chemical and biological properties of vermicompost result in improvement of soil fertility and growth of plants. However, both, throughout the process, release toxic substances to the environment. The vermicomposting process tends to result in higher levels of plant availability of most nutrients, as compared with a process of conventional composting. The substrate used to feed the worms must undergo a prior period of precomposting, which involves more time and cost of inputs, which increases the cost of vermicompost obtained, so it is necessary to establish minimum composting time as well as strategies to reduce this period, so that the organic residues can be used as a substrate in the production of the earthworm Eisenia spp. A precomposting process from 0 to 8 weeks, before the vermicomposting process, was evaluated. It was concluded that the conditions under which the experiment took place allowed the development of the worms in all periods of precomposting. Vermicomposting in layers significantly reduces the processing time to achieve complete decomposition of organic residues. For the presence of cocoons and juvenile forms, precomposting is not necessary. Overall, precomposting from 0 to 2 weeks promotes reproduction and precomposting from 3 to 7 weeks promotes individual growth of earthworms. The best treatment was precomposting of 2 weeks, because it facilitates reproduction and average weight gain of the worm. Precomposting is not necessary when vermicomposting piles are less than 50 cm in height, producing vermicompost in 30 days.
Presence of Colletotrichum acutatum and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides on leatherleaf fern, key lime, papaya, star fruit and mango in Costa Rica and Florida (United States)
(2013-07-03 00:00:00) Barquero Quirós, Marcia; Peres, Natalia A.; Arauz Cavallini, Luis Felipe
Anthracnose is a disease caused by several species of the genus Colletotrichum on different hosts. C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides are 2 morphologically similar species that can cause similar disease symptoms on the same host. A total of 220 isolates of Colletotrichum species were collected from typical anthracnose lesions on leatherleaf fern (Rumohra adiantiformis), Key lime (Citrus aurantifolia), starfruit (Averrhoa carambola), papaya (Carica papaya) and mango (Mangifera indica) in Costa Rica and Florida. Isolates were characterized by colony morphology, benomyl sensitivity and PCR with specific primers for C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides CaInt2 and Cg/fInt1, respectively. Of the 85 isolates obtained from mango, all 33 isolates from Florida were identified as C. acutatum, whereas all isolates from Costa Rica were C. gloeosporioides. Out of 60 isolates obtained from starfruit, 3 isolates from Costa Rica were C. acutatum (first report) and the rest were C. gloosporioides. All isolates from leatherleaf fern (25 isolates) and Key lime (25 isolates) were identified as C. acutatum. All remaining isolates from startfruit and mango, as well as all isolates from papaya, were C. gloeosporioides. There was no symptom difference between both Colletotrichum species on those hosts were both species were found.

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