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Proyecto Gerontológico: Promoción de la participación de personas adultas mayores
(2025) González Gómez, Rita Vanessa; Ramírez Morera, Marcela
La presente investigación aplicada se titula Proyecto Gerontológico: Promoción de la Participación de Personas Adultas Mayores; surge a partir de un análisis contextual de investigaciones sobre política social en gerontología a nivel mundial, las cuales identifican la participación como un derecho humano fundamental para las personas mayores, destacando la importancia de involucrar actores sociales intersectoriales e intergeneracionales en su desarrollo.
En función de estos antecedentes, se formuló la interrogante principal: ¿Cuáles son los aspectos gerontológicos que fomentan la participación de las personas mayores en el diseño de estrategias de trabajo para ellas? A partir de esta pregunta, se derivaron interrogantes secundarias relacionadas con la aplicabilidad del enfoque gerontológico en el diseño de estrategias, cuya retroalimentación por parte de las personas mayores, la identificación de la participación en espacios de trabajo y los desafíos que enfrentan las nuevas estrategias de abordaje.
El marco referencial del estudio se construyó en torno a la vinculación entre el proyecto educativo, en materia de participación, y los actores sociales implicados. Se identificaron tres elementos clave:
• Las personas mayores como sujetos principales del espacio.
• Las personas participantes, quienes reciben el proceso educativo.
• La persona investigadora encargada de modular la construcción de conocimientos en esta temática.
Además, se establecieron cuatro dimensiones fundamentales:
• El enfoque gerontológico.
• El contexto de participación.
• Las necesidades de participación.
• Las oportunidades de crecimiento en espacios participativos.
Desde el punto de vista metodológico, la investigación se basó en un paradigma naturalista y enfoque constructivista, destacando la interacción entre saberes, acciones y autonomía. Se empleó la sistematización de experiencias como herramienta central, permitiendo recuperar vivencias, contextos y aprendizajes de las personas mayores para la producción de conocimiento de manera horizontal y participativa.
Las conclusiones del estudio destacan que la participación gerontológica no solo es un derecho humano, sino también un instrumento clave para el ejercicio de otros derechos.
Se evidencia la necesidad de que las personas mayores sean protagonistas en los procesos participativos, asegurando que las estrategias de intervención tengan un enfoque intergeneracional e intersectorial.
Asimismo, se reafirma que el enfoque gerontológico debe integrar una lectura contextual fundamentada en el modelo centrado en la persona, los enfoques de género, de Derechos Humanos e internacional; promoviendo una participación más inclusiva. Se destaca que el liderazgo surge de manera intrínseca y fortalece el impacto de estos procesos en comunidades donde las personas mayores lideran o facilitan espacios de participación.
Finalmente, se plantea la necesidad de garantizar la continuidad de iniciativas de capacitación en participación, especialmente en zonas rurales, donde el acceso a estos espacios es más limitado.
Anthropogenic geomorphology of Costa Rica
(2024-10-04) Alvarado, Guillermo E.; Quesada Román, Adolfo
Anthropogenic geomorphology examines the impact of human activities on the physical landscape. This chapter focuses on the ways in which different human actions have shaped the terrain in the country, creating landforms and modifying the pace of external geodynamic process since Pre-Columbian time (≥ 4.5 ka ago). Developing countries, including Costa Rica, face the challenge of balancing economic growth and sustainable development while addressing the impacts of
anthropogenic geomorphology. Human activities such as urbanization, deforestation, and resource extraction, road building, and large-scale agriculture and tourism can cause alterations to the natural landscape and lead to soil erosion, changes in hydrologic regimes, and loss of biodiversity. Costa Rica has implemented policies to protect its natural resources and promote sustainable development, such as reforestation and low-impact tourism activities. The principal landscapes generated by anthropogenic geomorphology in Costa Rica could be classified in three classes determined by their geomorphic expression in (i) excavated, (ii) leveled, and (iii) artificial landforms. Thus, anthropogenic geomorphology is a critical issue for developing countries like Costa Rica, and effective management strategies are necessary to balance economic growth and environmental protection.
Agricultural landscapes of Costa Rica
(2024-10-04) Camacho Umaña, Manuel Ernesto; Quesada Román, Adolfo; Villatoro Sánchez, Mario A.; Alemán Montes, Bryan; Mata Chinchilla, Rafael; Henríquez Henríquez, Carlos Roberto; Céspedes Rivera, Emmanuel Jesús; Céspedes Rivera, Manuel; Alvarado, Alfredo
Agricultural activities and introduction of new crops result in significant changes in society, culture, and most evident in short-term, the transformation of landscapes. For instance, the introduction of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) in Costa Rica and its further extension into the Central Valley during the 1800s led to substantial changes in socio-economic, geophysical, and infrastructural aspects of Costa Rican society. More recently, banana (Musa spp.), pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.), sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.), and oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) plantations were established in specific regions of Costa Rica, where geomorphic features and agroecological conditions are considered suitable for their extensive production and economic revenue, affecting the evolution of demography and landscapes. The chapter summarizes essential information about landforms, soils, and climatic conditions in areas that have extensive agriculture as their main economic activity. This study highlights the regions and soils dedicated to cash crops and agricultural activities of Costa Rica. For instance, coffee, pineapple, and sugarcane production develop within
highly weathered soils (Ultisols and Oxisols). Banana and oil palm production are mainly located in the coastal plains, where soil genesis is mostly associated with alluvial processes (Entisols and Inceptisols). Finally, horticultural crops like potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) and onions (Allium cepa L.) were mainly identified within the volcanic piedmonts, where volcanic ash soils (Andisols) are dominant.
Integrated care in Latin America
(2025-04-03) Ehrenberg, Nieves; Artaza, Osvaldo; Gómez Duarte, Ingrid; Leyns, Christine; Perman, Gastón; Sáenz Madrigal, María del Rocío; Pérez Hernández, Galileo; Sancho Rojas, Wilmer
This chapter argues that striving for universal health coverage alone is insufficient in inequitable societies.
Integrated care models that take into account social determinants are necessary. It discusses the Pan American Health Organization proposal of Integrated Health Services Networks (IHSNs) as a response to fragmented health systems in the Americas, advocating for community-centered primary care services integrated with specialized care. The importance of citizen empowerment and state accountability in securing the right to health is emphasized. Different approaches to integrated care are presented as case studies from Latin America, including Chile’s pilot program for universalizing primary care, Bolivia’s community-oriented health initiatives during the COVID-19 pandemic, Costa Rica’s culturally sensitive maternity care models, and Buenos Aires’ social dialogue initiative for community-based mental health.
Highly weathered soil landscapes of Costa Rica
(2024-10-04) Camacho Umaña, Manuel Ernesto; Quesada Román, Adolfo; Villatoro Sánchez, Mario A.; Alemán Montes, Bryan; Mata, Rafael; Henríquez Henríquez, Carlos; Céspedes Rivera, Emmanuel Jesús; Alvarado, Alfredo
Highly weathered soils, formerly known as lateritic soils, are currently classified according to the Soil Taxonomy as Oxisols and Ultisols. These soils have been identified in various landscapes of Costa Rica, developing under contrasting climatic conditions indicated by annual precipitation values between 1749 and 5778 mm. The chapter provides a concise description of five specific landscapes of Costa Rica, where Oxisols have been identified as dominant. The parent materials were grouped within four general categories: (1) Basaltic rocks from Jurassic-Miocene Oceanic Complexes, (2) Igneous materials of Paleocene-Pliocene ages, (3) Sedimentary materials from the Pliocene–Pleistocene ages, and (4) Volcanic materials from the Pleistocene. Despite this diversity in parent materials and climatic conditions, the stability of the geomorphic units is the common factor that allowed for the development of Oxisols and some great groups of Ultisols, corroborating the fundamental role of geomorphology